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Recent Developments in Accounting for Environmental Costs in Polish Enterprises
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W artykule przedstawiono zmiany w rachunku kosztów, jakie wprowadzane są w polskich przedsiębiorstwach w zakresie prawidłowego pomiaru i objaśniania procesu powstawania kosztów ochrony środowiska. Dokonano prezentacji i porównania struktur rodzajowej i podmiotowej kosztów ekologicznych w trzech przedsiębiorstwach różnych branż: farmaceutycznej, spożywczej i chemicznej. Struktury te były porównywane w dwóch ujęciach: "przed modernizacją" i "po modernizacji" rachunku kosztów analizowanych przedsiębiorstw. W wymienionych branżach koszty ekologiczne nabierają coraz większego znaczenia pod wpływem podejmowania w Polsce działań na rzecz ochrony środowiska.
The paper outlines the issue of management of environmental costs - a problem which has assumed particular importance at the time of rapid development of a global market economy. The measurement of ecological costs and their management in Polish enterprises is rather poorly recognised in business practice as yet. In companies which employ traditional cost accounting, the structure of environmental costs is adapted only to the requirements of external reporting in this area. It is not sufficiently detailed for proper measurement of ecological costs and tracing their generation in the various stages of technological processes and in different areas of companies' activity. Empirical research carried out by the authors in 1993-1998 in Polish enterprises indicates that incorrect accounting treatment of ecological costs distorts the unit cost of production in the case of technologies harmful to the environment as well as "environmentally friendly" products. This paper presents the results of empirical research conducted in three Polish enterprises in different industrial branches, such as pharmaceuticals, food processing and chemical industry. The object of this research is analysis of the cost structure, including both the classification of expenses by type and by cost centres, treated separately for the area of environmental protection in the traditional cost accounting system employed in these enterprises before its modernisation, and analysis of the same structures in modernised cost accounting system in these firms. The results of the research show that modernisation of cost accounting systems in the enterprises under study has affected most strongly the cost centre structure of environmental costs, which has great significance for the correctness of measurement of the generation of these costs and their allocation to products. The paper presents the structure of environmental costs "before" and "after" the modernisation of cost accounting
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187--199
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