Norweskie referendum akcesyjne

• Autorzy: Elżbieta Kużelewska

Warianty tytułu

Accession Referendum in Norway

• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

Norwegia jako jedyny kraj dwukrotnie przeprowadziła referendum w kwestii członkostwa w Unii Europejskiej (1972 r. i 1994 r.) i jako jedyny kraj (także dwukrotnie) odrzuciła propozycję integracji europejskiej. W artykule przedstawiono badania opinii publicznej wobec EWG/UE w latach siedemdziesiątych i dziewięćdziesiątych. Opisano również stanowiska partii politycznych wobec kwestii integracji europejskiej.

EN

Norway is the only country which has conducted a referendum on the membership of the European Union twice (on 25 September 1971 and 28 November 1994). It is also the only country which has rejected the proposed integration with Europe twice. Both referenda had similar results, 53.5% and 52.2% respectively, though they were conducted at an interval of 22 years. It was the reasons for trying to join and the geopolitical situation in Europe and the world that changed. In both cases population divided into two almost equal halves with a slight dominance of those opposing European integration. Public opinion polis demonstrated almost unequivocally that feelings against integration dominated. Political parties assumed different attitudes towards membership. Some became divided internally. Both the opposition and the supporters of integration put forward political and economic arguments. The results of these two referenda reflected the divisions existing in Norwegian society for a long time. The most significant division was the separation between the central part and the peripheries of Norway. The inhabitants of the capital and its environs voted for membership while those living in northern regions rejected entering the European Union en mass.(original abstract)

Słowa kluczowe

PL

Integracja gospodarcza i polityczna Europy; Referendum; Badanie opinii

EN

Economic and political integration of Europe; Referendum; Opinion research

• Czasopismo: Przegląd Europejski
• Rocznik: 2003
• Numer: nr 1
• Strony: 81--101

Twórcy

autor

Elżbieta Kużelewska

Bibliografia

• The 1994 Referendum on Norwegian Membership of the EU, Official Statistics of Norway, Oslo-Kongsvinger 1995, s.16.
• Aardal B., The 1994 Storting Election: Volatile Voters Opposing the European Union, "Scandinavian Political Studies" 1994, vol. 17, nr 2. s. 171-179.
• Arnt Pettersen P., Todal Jenssen A., Listhaug O., The 1994 EU Referendum in Norway: Continuity and Change, "Scandinavian Political Studies" 1996, vol. 19, nr 3, s. 278.
• Bjorklund T., The Three Nordic 1994 Referenda Concerning Membership in the EU, "Cooperation and Conflict" 1996, vol. 31, nr 1, s. 23.
• Butler D., Referendums in Northern Europe, w: F. Hamon, O. Passelecq (ed.), Le Ré férendum en Europe. Bilan et perspectives. Actes du colloque organisé les 28-29 janvier 2000 á la Maison de l'Europe de Paris, Paris 2000, s. 64.
• Church C., The Politics of Change: EFTA and the Nordic Countries? Responses to the EC in the Early 1990s, "Journal of Common Market Studies" 1990, vol. 28, nr 4, s. 416.
• Detlef J., Storsved A.S., Legitimacy through Referendum? The Nearly Successful Domino-Strategy of the EU-Referendums in Austria, Finland, Sweden and Norway, "West European Politics" 1995, vol. 18, nr 4, s. 21.
• Fitzmaurice J., The 1994 Referenda on EU Membership in Austria and Scandinavia. A Comparative Analysis, "Electoral Studies" 1995, vol. 14, nr 2, s. 230.
• Hansen Bundt K., Norwegia mówi "Nie!". Źródła sprzeciwu wobec członkostwa w Unii Europejskiej, Warszawa 2000.
• Heidar K., Norway, "European Journal of Political Research" 1995, vol. 24, s. 446.
• Cameron F., Keynote Article: The European Union and the Fourth Enlargement, "Journal of Common Market Studies" 1995, vol. 33, s. 29.
• Heidar K., Norway. Elites on Trial, Boulder, Colorado 2001.
• Hoist Jorgen J., Norway's EEC referendum: lessons and implications, "The World Today" 1975, vol. 31, nr 3, s. 115.
• Ingebritsen Ch., When Do Culture and History Matter? A Response to Neumann and Tiilikainen, "Cooperation and Conflict" 2001, vol. 36, nr 1, s. 101.
• Maziarz E., Kontynent potęgi. Powstanie i rozwój Unii Europejskiej na tle globalnej równowagi sil, Warszawa 1999, s. 66.
• Mer J., Au pays des irreductibles, "politique internationale" 1998/99, nr 82, s. 422.
• Miles L., Enlargement of the European Union and the Nordic Model, "Jopurnal of European Integration" 1995, vol. XIX, nr 1, s. 60.
• Neumann I.B., The Nordic states and European Unity, "Cooperation and Conflict" 2001, vol. 36, nr 1, s. 91.
• Östrem I.L., La Norvège, w: M. Telô (éd.), L'Union européenne et les défis de l'élargissement, Bruxelles 1994, s. 145.
• Petersson O., Mechanizm demokracji, w: T. S. Edvardsen, B. Hagtvet (red.), Nordycki model demokracji i państwa dobrobytu, Warszawa 1994.
• Phinnemore D. The Nordic countries, the European Community (EC) and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), 1958-84, w: L.Miles (ed.), The European Union and the Nordic Countries, London-New York 1996, s.40.
• Pierce R., Vallen H., Listhaung O., Referendum Voting Behaviour: The Norwegian and British Referenda on Membership in the European Community, "American Journal of Political Science" 1983, vol.27, nr 1, s. 55.
• Sciarini P., Listhaug O., Single Case or Unique Pair? The Swiss and Norwegian No to Europe, "Journal of Common Market Studies" 1997, vol. 35, nr 3, s. 407-438.
• Sciarini P., Listhaung O., Single Cases or a Unique Pair? The Swiss and Norwegian No to Europe, EUI Working Papers, RSC nr 97/25, s.17.
• Sogner I., Archer C., Norway and Europe: 1972 and Now, "Journal of Common Market Studies" 1995, vol. 33, nr 3, s.393.
• Svasand L., Lindström U., Sliding Towards EC Membership: Norway in Scandinavian Prespective, "Government and Opposition" 1992, vol. 27, nr 3, s. 339.
• Teigen K.H., Martinussen M., Lund T., Conjunction errors in the prediction of referendum outcomes: Effects of attitude and realism, "Acta Psychologica" 1996, nr 93, s. 92.
• Towards 1996, "European Law Review" 1994, nr 5, s. 447.
• Wyller T.Chr., Norway: six exceptions to the rule, w: M. Gallagher, P.V. Uleri (eds), The referendum experience in Europe, London 1996, s.140.