Umiędzynarodowienie sektora usług

• Autorzy: Robert Grzanka

Warianty tytułu

The Internationalization of the Service Sector

• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

Outsourcing i delokalizacja produkcji w sektorze przemysłowym zarówno w obrębie gospodarki krajowej, jak i w przestrzeni międzynarodowej mają miejsce od kilku dziesięcioleci. Przedsiębiorstwa wykorzystują zmieniające się otoczenie gospodarcze w celu takiego ukształtowania łańcucha wartości dodanej tworzonej w przedsiębiorstwie, które wzmocni ich przewagę konkurencyjną nad innymi firmami. Włączenie się w procesy globalizacyjne i postępujący rozwój gospodarczy krajów środkowowschodniej Azji, a później krajów EŚW pozwoliły na szersze umiędzynarodowienie tego procesu. Obecnie internacjonalizacja produkcji w przemyśle jest fenomenem powszechnym. (abstrakt oryginalny)

EN

The paper examines trends such as outsourcing and offshoring in international service operations, focusing on the macroeconomic and international aspects of the process. This especially involves determining the causes and scope of offshoring and the factors that encourage companies to move their service operations abroad. Grzanka also looks at the directions of these activities and the scope of the process. There is no uniform, precise definition of offshoring, the author notes, which is one of the reasons why it is impossible to determine the precise scope of this process. However, statistical research by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) involving the trade of services—confirmed by research conducted by Bardhan and Kroll (2003), Jensen and Kletzer (2005) and Van Welsum and Reif (2006), as well as polls carried out among businesses in the Netherlands and Denmark—shows that outsourcing and offshoring are still at an inceptive stage, and the scope of these operations is bound to increase in the future, especially in Europe. Poland is a host country for foreign direct investment and a destination for offshoring operations. As investors increasingly eye Central and Eastern European markets, attracting more offshoring investors to Poland will require further transformations in the country’s economy. (original abstract)

Słowa kluczowe

PL

Internacjonalizacja; Outsourcing; Offshoring; Globalizacja usług

EN

Internationalization; Outsourcing; Offshoring; Globalization of services

• Czasopismo: Gospodarka Narodowa
• Rocznik: 2007
• Numer: nr 7-8
• Strony: 43--63

Twórcy

autor

Robert Grzanka

Bibliografia

• Andreff W., [2003], Les multinationales globales, La Dicouverte, Paryż.
• Aspray W., Mayadas F., Vardi M.Y. (red.), [2006], Globalization and Offshoring of Software, Raport Association of Computing Machinery (ACM) Job Migration Task Force, Nowy Jork.
• Bhagwati J., Panagariya A., Srinivasan T.N., [2004], The Muddles over Outsourcing, "Journal of Economic Perspectives", Waszyngton.
• Blinder A.S., [2005], Fear of Offshoring, Dokument roboczy Center for Economic Policy Studies (CEPS) nr 119, Princeton University, Princeton.
• Bardhan A., Kroll C., [2003], The New Wave of Outsourcing, Fisher Center for Real Estate and Urban Economics, University of California, Berkeley.
• Dossani R., Kenney M., [2003], Went for Cost, Stayed for Quality?: Moving the Back Office to India, Asia-Pacific Research Center, Stanford University, Stanford.
• Farrell D., [2005a], Offshoring: Value Creation through Economic Change, "Journal of Management Studies" nr 42:3, Durham.
• Farrell D., Laboissiere M., Pascal R., Rosenfeld J., de Segundo Ch., Stürze S., [2005b], The Emerging Global Labor Market: Part I, II, III, The McKinsey Global Institute, Sydney.
• GAO (Government Accountability Office), [2004], Current Government Data Provide Limited Insight into Offshoring of Services, GAO-04-932, Waszyngton.
• van Gorp D., Jagersma P., Ike'e M., [2006], Offshoring in the Sendee Sector. A European Perspective, Dokument roboczy Nyenrode Research Group, nr 06-06, Nyenrode Business Universiteit, Breukelen.
• Grossman G.M., Rossi-Hansberg E., [2006a], The Rise of Offshoring: It's Not Wine for Cloth Anymore, Referat zaprezentowany podczas sympozjum organizowanego przez The Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City.
• Grossman G.M., Rossi-Hansberg E., [2006b], Trading Tasks: A Simple Theory of Offshoring, Dokument roboczy Woodrow Wilson School, Princeton University, Princeton.
• Havik K., McMorrow K., [2006], Global Trade Integration and Outsourcing: How Well is the EU Coping with the New Challenges?, Raport Ekonomiczny Komisji Europejskiej nr 259, Bruksela.
• Huws U., Dahlmann S., Flecker J., [2004], Outsourcing of ICT and Related Services in the EU, Raport European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions, Dublin.
• Jensen J.B., Kietzer L.G., [2005], Tradable Services: Understanding the Scope and Impact of Services Outsourcing, Dokument roboczy Institute for International Economics (HE), Waszyngton.
• Jensen PD., Kirkergaard J., Laugesen N., [2006], Offshoring in Europe - Evidence of a Two-Way Street from Denmark, Dokument roboczy Institute for International Economics (HE), Waszyngton.
• Khan H., Islam M.S., [2006], Outsourcing, Migration, and Brain Drain in the Global Economy: Issues and Evidence, Dokument roboczy Graduate School For Global Leaders, Singapur.
• Krugman P., [1991], Geography and Trade, MIT Press, Cambridge.
• Kuźnar A., [2004], Rozmiary i struktura międzynarodowego handlu usługami czystymi, "Bank i Kredyt", Warszawa.
• Mankiw N.G., Swagel R, [2005], The Politics and Economics of Offshore Outsourcing, Dokument roboczy American Enterprise Institute (AEI) nr 122, Waszyngton.
• Mann C.L., [2003], Globalization of IT Services and White Collar Jobs, Policy Brief Institute for International Economics (HE), Waszyngton.
• Markusen J.R., [2005], Modeling the Offshoring of White-Collar Services: From Comparative Advantage to the New Theories of Trade and FDI, Referat przygotowany na Brookings Forum: "Offshoring White-Collar Work: The Issues and Implications" (wersja tekstu z 11 lipca 2005 r.).
• Maskell P., Pedersen T., Petersen B., Dick-Nielsen J., [2005], Learning Paths to Offshore Outsourcing - From Cost Reduction to Knowledge Seeking, Dokument roboczy Center for Strategic Management and Globalization (SMG) Copenhagen Business School, nr 13, Kopenhaga.
• Nielson J., Taglioni D., [2004], Services Trade Liberalisation. Identifying Opportunities and Gains, Dokument roboczy OECD, Paryż.
• OECD, [2005a], Globalisation of the ICT Sector. Section on International Sourcing, Committee for Information, Computer and Communications Policy, OECD, Paryż.
• OECD, [2005b], OECD in Figures, OECD, Paryż.
• Panagariya A., [2004], Why the Recent Samuelson Article is NOT about Offshore Outsourcing, http://www.columbia.edu/~ap223l/Policy%20Papers/Samuelson%20JEP%20(Summer%202004)_Not%20on%20Outsourcing.htm Artykuł konsultowany 3 stycznia 2007 r.
• RBSC, UNCTAD, [2004], Service offshoring takes off in Europe - in search of improved competitiveness, UNCTAD, Genewa.
• Riddle D., [2000], General Agreement on Trade in Services. Opportunities for Developing Countries, "International Trade Forum" nr l, Genewa.
• RIS (Research and Information System for Developing Countries), [2004], State, FDI and export of software and BPO services from India, Raport przygotowany dla UNCTAD, New Delhi.
• Samuelson P.A., [2004], Where Ricardo and Mill Rebut and Confirm Arguments of Mainstream Economists Supporting Globalization, "Journal of Economic Perspectives", Pittsburgh.
• Steger M.B., [2003], Globalization. A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
• Trefler D., [2005], Offshoring: Threats and Opportunities, Referat zaprezentowany podczas The Brookings Trade Forum 2005: "The Offshoring of Services: Issues and Implications".
• UN, [2005], World Population Prospects. The 2004 Revision, UN, Nowy Jork.
• UNCTAD, [2004], World Investment Report 2004: The Shift Towards Services, UNCTAD, Genewa.
• Vernon R., [1992], Transnational corporations: where are they coming from, where are they headed?, "Transnational Corporations" Vol. 1, nr 2, UNCTAD, Genewa.
• van Welsum D., [2003], International Trade in Services: Issues and Concepts, Birkbeck College London, Londyn.
• van Welsum D., Reif X., [2005], Potential Offshoring: Evidence from Selected OECD Countries, "Brookings Trade Forum 2005", Brookings Institution, Waszyngton.
• van Welsum D., Reif X., [2006], The share of employment potentially affected by offshoring - an empirical investigation, OECD, Paryż.
• WTO, [2006], International trade statistics, WTO, Genewa.
• Zorska A., [1995], Globalizacja Konkurencyjności Przedsiębiorstw Transnarodowych i jej Implikacje dla Polski, Raporty Studia nad Konkurencyjnością, Instytut Rozwoju i Studiów Strategicznych, nr 39, Warszawa.
• Zorska A., [2007], Outsourcing i przenoszenie usług na świecie. Wnioski dla Polski, "Gospodarka Narodowa" nr 1-2.