Polityka Unii Europejskiej w zakresie zrównoważonego udziału kobiet w politycznych strukturach decyzyjnych (część 1)

• Autorzy: Olga Barburska

Warianty tytułu

EU Policy Towards a Gender Balance in Political Decision-making (Part 1)

• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

W artykule przedstawiono rolę kobiet w podejmowaniu decyzji politycznych w Unii Europejskiej. Zaprezentowano politykę Wspólnot Europejskich w zakresie równości kobiet i mężczyzn do czasu powstania Unii Europejskiej oraz ewolucję polityki Unii Europejskiej od wymiaru ekonomiczno-społecznego do wymiaru politycznego. Autorka przedstawiła również działania podejmowane obecnie na rzecz zwiększenia udziału kobiet w gremiach decyzyjnych.

EN

The study focuses upon participation of women in political decision-making in the European Union. Women, while accounting for majority of the EU citizens, have no relevant representation in structures of political power (their participation in parliaments and governments is relatively little). In countries in which democratic traditions are well-rooted, a trend can be observed to ensure balanced representation between women and men in political life. As far as the European Union Member States are concerned, this is manifested in a peculiar form, as apart from measures taken up by individual Member States, the goal is also sought by the policy articulated and implemented at the EU institutions level. The fundamental aim of the study is to present instruments and actions undertaken within the whole EU institutional system to reach more balanced women's participation in political power structures. A time perspective assumed in the study extends over the whole period of existence of the European Communities, with a special emphasis upon the recent stage since the establishment of the European Union in 1992. This event marked a milestone of crucial, historical importance. Together with creation of the EU also European policy of equal opportunities for women in relation to men reached a new stage of development. (original abstract)

Słowa kluczowe

PL

Podejmowanie decyzji; Równouprawnienie kobiet i mężczyzn; Rola kobiet w polityce

EN

Decision making; Equal rights for women and men; Role of women in politics

• Czasopismo: Studia Europejskie / Centrum Europejskie Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
• Rocznik: 2007
• Numer: nr 3
• Strony: 55--79

Twórcy

autor

Olga Barburska

Bibliografia

• Biernat T., "Deficyt demokracji" w strukturach Unii Europejskiej w. Demokracja. Teoria. Idee. Instytucje, red. T.Biernat, A.Siwik, Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek, Toruń 2000.
• Charter of Rome, Rome, 18 May 1996, European Summit "Women for the Renewal of Politics and Society", (http://www.eurplace.org/diana/rome.html).
• Council Directive 921851 EEC of 19 October 1992 on the introduction of measures to encourage improvements in the safety and health at work of pregnant workers and workers who have recently given birth or are breastfeeding, O.J., L 348, 28.11.1992.
• Council Resolution of 21 May 1991 on the third medium-term Community Action Programme on Equal Opportunities for Women and Men (1991-1995), O.J., C 142, 31.05.1991.
• Council Resolution of 27 March 1995 on the balanced participation of men and women in decision-making, O.J., C 168, 04.07.1995.
• Council Resolution of 27 March 1995 on the balanced participation of men and women in decision-making, O.J., C 168, 04.07.1995.
• Davies E., Vallance E., Women of Europe: Women MEPs and Equality Policy, Cambridge University Press, New York 1986.
• Declaration of Athens w: Equal Opportunities for Women and Men in the EU, Annual Report 1996, Directorate-General for Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Affairs, European Commission 1997.
• Democratizing the European Union: issues for the twenty-first century, eds. C.Hoskyns, M.Newman, Manchester University Press, Manchester 2000.
• Differential Impact of Electoral Systems on Female Political Representation, Women's Rights Series, European Parliament, Luxembourg 1997.
• Ekonomia i płeć. Pozycja zawodowa kobiet w Unii Europejskiej, red. A.Geske Dijkstra, J.Plantega, Gdańskie Towarzystwo Psychologiczne, Gdańsk 2003.
• Equal Opportunities for Women and Men in the EU, Annual Report 1996, Directorate-General for Employment, Industrial Relations and Social Affairs, European Commission 1997.
• Equal Opportunities for Women and Men, "Social Europe" no. 3/1991, Commission of the European Communities 1992.
• Equal Opportunities for Women and Men: the medium-term Community Action Programme 1991-1995, "Women of Europe Supplements" vol. 34/1991.
• European Conference "Women for the Renewal of Politics and Society" (Rome, 16-17 May 1996) European Action Plan 1996-2000 for an equal participation of women and men in decision-making (http://www.pt.lu).
• European Social Policy; A Way Forward for the Union. White Paper, European Commission, Office for Official Publications of the European Commission, Luxembourg 1994.
• Gaspard F., Du suffrage la citoyenneté: le mouvement pour parité en Europe w: Les femmes dans la prise de décision en France et en Europe, éd. F.Gaspard, L'Harmattan, Paris 1997.
• Głąbicka K., Europejska przestrzeń socjalna - zarys problematyki, Wyższa Szkoła Pedagogiczna Towarzystwa Wiedzy Powszechnej, Warszawa 2002.
• Grzeszczak R., Problem deficytu demokratycznego w strukturach wspólnotowych, "Sprawy Międzynarodowe" nr 3/2002.
• Hambura S., Muszyński M., Traktat o Unii Europejskiej z komentarzem w: Dokumenty Europejskie, tom I, Wydawnictwo Studio STO, Bielsko-Biała 2001.
• Hoskyns C., A Study of Four Action Programmes on Equal Opportunities w: Gender Policies in the European Union, ed. M.Rossilli, Peter Lang Publishing, New York-Oxford 2000.
• Hoskyns C., Gender and Transnational Democracy: The Case of the European Union w: Gender Politics in Global Governance, eds. M.Mayer, E.Prügl, Rowman and Littlefield Publication, New York-Oxford 1999.
• Hubert A., From Equal Pay to Parity Democracy: The Rocky Ride of Women's Policy in the European Union w: Has Liberalism Failed Women? Assuring Equal Representation in Europe and the United States, eds. J.Klausen, Ch.S.Maier, Palgrave, New York 2001.
• Krook M.L., Europe for women, women for Europe. Strategies for parity democracy in the UE (http://www.columbia.edu).
• Krook M.L., Politicizing representation: Movement and Party Strategies to Increase Women's Political Representation in Sweden, Norway and Iceland (http://www.columbia.edu).
• Kuper R., The many democratic deficits of the European Union w: Political Theory and the European Union. Legitimacy, constitutional choice and citizenship, eds. A.Weale, M.Nentwich, Routledge, London 1998.
• Latoszek E., Polityka socjalna w Unii Europejskiej, "Sprawy Międzynarodowe" nr 2/2002, s.73.
• Leijenaar M., How to create a gender balance in political decision-making. A guide to implementing policies for increasing the participation of women in political decision-making, European Commission, Luxembourg 1997.
• Machińska H., Zasada równości kobiet i mężczyzn w prawie Unii Europejskiej w: Wokół problemów zawodowego równouprawnienia kobiet i mężczyzn, red. R.Siemieńska, Wydawnictwo Naukowe "Scholar", Warszawa 1997.
• Mushaben J.M., The Politics of Critical Acts: Women, Leadership and Democratic Deficits in the European Union, "The European Studies Journal" no. 2/1998.
• Norris P., Representation and the democratic deficit, "European Journal of Political Research" no. 2/1997.
• PANORAMA, Statistical data concerning the participation of women in political and public decision-making, ed. S.de Bethune, European Network "Women in decision-making", Brussels 1992.
• The proportion of women members of regional and local parliaments and assemblies in the EU, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Committee of the Regions, COR Studies 1-4/99, Luxembourg 1999.
• Report on the proposal for a Council Recommendation on the balanced participation of women and men in decision-making, A4-0149/96, 30 April 1996, Women's Rights Committee, European Parliament, Rapporteur Irene Crepaz.
• Resolution of 11 February on women in decision-making bodies, A3-0035/94, O.J., C 61, 28.02.94.
• Shaping Structural Change: The Role of Women w: Women and Structural Change: New Perspective, OECD, Paris 1994.
• Skjeie H., The Rhetoric of Difference: On Women's Inclusion into Political Elites, Institute for Social Research, Oslo 1992.
• Spotkanie Rady Europejskiej w Essen (9-10 grudnia 1994 r.) w: Spotkania Rady Europejskiej 1993-2002. Wybór dokumentów, tom I, "Monitor Integracji Europejskiej" nr 53 (wydanie specjalne), Urząd Komitetu Integracji Europejskiej, Warszawa 2002, s.14-26.
• Statistics in focus. Population and social conditions, no. 41/2007, Eurostat, European Communities 2007.
• Togeby L., Political Implications of Increasing Numbers of Women in the Labour Force, "Comparative Political Studies" vol. 27/1994.
• Women in Decision-Making. Panorama of Activities in the Framework of the Third Medium-Term Community Action Programme on Equal Opportunities for Women and Men (1991-1995), European Communities, Luxembourg 1996.
• Women in Parliaments, 1945-1995: A World Statistical Survey, Inter-Parliamentary Union, Geneva 1995.
• Women's rights and the Maastricht Treaty on the European Union, Women's Rights Series, European Parliament, Luxembourg 1995.
• Wspólnota prawa. O osobliwościach systemu europejskiego, Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek, Toruń 2002.
• Zielińska E., Przeciwdziałanie barierom awansu kobiet w prawie Unii Europejskiej w: Szklany sufit. Bariery i ograniczenia karier kobiet, red. A.Titkow, Instytut Spraw Publicznych, Warszawa 2003.