Czasopismo
Tytuł artykułu
Autorzy
Warianty tytułu
Correlation Between Ethics and Economy in the Doctrine of Herbert Spencer
Języki publikacji
Abstrakty
Herbert Spencer był jednym z najwybitniejszych przedstawicieli dziewiętnastowiecznego liberalizmu. Oryginalność jego doktryny polega na połączeniu zasad ewolucjonizmu społecznego z postulatami konserwatywnego liberalizmu. Koncepcyjnym punktem jego filozoficznej refleksji była etyka jednostki. Jak najbardziej wydaje się więc uprawnione postawienie tezy badawczej, iż gospodarka wolnorynkowa stanowi ekonomiczną podstawę etycznego i materialnego rozwoju każdego człowieka. Uproszczając, oba rodzaje postępu dotyczą walki o byt, jaka zachodzi pomiędzy jednostkami w warunkach wolnej konkurencji, charakterystycznych dla tzw. "społeczeństwa industrialnego". (fragment tekstu)
Herbert Spencer is one of the most distinguished representatives of Nineteenth-Century liberalism. Originality of his doctrine is based on combined concepts of social evolutionism with postulates of conservative liberalism. Ethics of an individual were the conceptual point of his philosophical reflection. Thus he believed that a free market economy is the economic foundation of ethical and material development of every individual. Material development may be summarized as achieving ever improving results of performed actions. According to Spencer, the free market critically assesses the quality of goods through increasing demand for goods of better quality. In this manner effective producers develop, because they achieve greater gain from their work. Moral development of an individual is in turn focused on continuous self-improvement. Through developing his skills a man increases the quality of actions carried out by him or of objects that he creates. The "law of equal freedom" - also described by Spencer - is in direct connection with the aforementioned issues. This rule states that every man has the right to do anything, as long as his actions do not infringe upon the freedom of another man which is defined in exactly the same manner. Thus the law of equal freedom can be characterized as a negative freedom if juxtaposed with relations that occur between individuals themselves or between individuals and the state. Combining of ethical and economic topics leads to the presentation of inhibitions that, according to Spencer, should be placed upon the activity of the State in the field of economy. Spencer believed that the State should not interfere with the economy, since all individuals should be granted full freedom of participating in comply with their own interests. (original abstract)
Czasopismo
Rocznik
Tom
Numer
Strony
59--69
Opis fizyczny
Twórcy
autor
- Uniwersytet Łódzki
Bibliografia
- E. Bristow, Individualism versus Socialism in Britain 1880-1914, Garland Publishing Inc, London 1987, s. 3.
- H. Spencer, The proper sphere of government, [w:] J. Offer (red.), Political Writings. Herbert Spencer, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1994, s. 4.
- D. Weinstein, Equal freedom and utility. Herbert Spencer`s liberal utilitarism, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1998, s. 34.
- P.J. Bowler, The Non - Darwinian Revolution, The Johns Hopkins University Press, London 1988, s. 159.
- S. Cunningham, Philosophy and the Darwinian Legacy, University of Rochester Press, New York 1996, s. 38-39.
- J.G. Kennedy, Herbert Spencer, Twayne Publishers, Boston 1978, s. 106; M. Hawkins, Social Darwinism in European and American thought, 1860-1945, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1997, s. 90.
- S. Lukes, Individualism, Basil Blackwell, Oxford 1973, s. 67.
- J. Gray, Liberalizm, "Znak", Kraków 1994, s. 8.
- P.J. Bowler, The Eclipse of Darwinism. Anti - Darwinian Evolution Theories in the Decades around 1900, The Johns Hopkins University Press, London 1983, s. 70-71.
- P. Chmielewski, Kultura i ewolucja, PWN, Warszawa 1988, s. 109.
- R.M. Young, Darwin`s Metaphor. Nature`s Place in Victorian Culture, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1985, s. 50.
- H. Spencer, Social Statics, or the conditions essential to human happiness specified, and the first of them developed, George Woodfall and Son, London 1951, s. 37-38.
- A. Kardiner, E. Preble, They studied man, Secker & Warburg, London 1962, s. 54.
- J. Gayon, Darwinism's struggle for survival. Heredity and the hypothesis of natural selection, CambridgeUniversity Press, Cambridge 1998, s. 248.
- C. Brinton, English political thought in the 19th century, Harper Torchbooks ,New York 1962, s. 229.
- L. Barylski, Ewolucja społeczna w ujęciu Herberta Spencer, [w:] A. Furier, Od Platona do Webera. Wybór tekstów źródłowych z historii myśli społecznej i socjologicznej, Uniwersytet Szczeciński, Szczecin 2002, s. 216.
- L. Kasprzyk, Idee społeczno-polityczne Herberta Spencera, Stenotypia, Kraków 1961, s. 44.
- J.D.Y. Peel, Herbert Spencer. The Evolution of a Sociologist, Gregg Rivivals, Hampshire 1992, s. 83.
- A. Smith, Teoria uczuć moralnych, PWN, Warszawa 1989, s. 35.
- W.H. Hudson, An introduction to the philosophy of Herbert Spencer, Chapman and Hall, London 1897, s. 172-173.
- H. Spencer, Jednostka wobec państwa, Liber, Warszawa 2002, s. 178.
- D. Boaz, Libertarianizm, Zysk i S-ka, Poznań 2005, s. 68-69.
- W. Kwaśniewski, Historia myśli liberalnej, Polskie Wydawnictwo Ekonomiczne, Warszawa 2000, s. 102.
- A. Bosiacki, Wstęp, [w:] H. Spencer, Jednostka wobec państwa, Liber, Warszawa 2002, s. 17.
- M.W. Taylor, Men versus the State. Herbert Spencer and Late Victorian Individualism, Clarendon Press, Oxford 2000, s. 242.
- A. Haworth, Anti-libertarianism. Markets, philosophy and myth, Routledge, London 1994, s. 42-44.
- T. Regan, Animal Rights, Human Wrongs. An Introduction to Moral Philosophy, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc., Oxford 2003, s. 67-89.
- M. Sękowski, Spencer i pozytywizm warszawski, Uniwersytet Curie-Skłodowskiej, Lublin 1986, s. 33.
- T.S. Gray, The Political Philosophy of Herbert Spencer. Individualism and Organicism, Ashgate Publishing Limited, Aldershot 1996, s. 38.
- P.J. Bowler, Darwinism, Twayne Publishers, New York 1993, s. 52; G. Myrdal, The political element in the development of economic theory, Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd., London 1955, s. 24, 142.
- H. Spencer, Moralność handlowa, [w:] H. Spencer, Szkice filozoficzne, Wydawnictwo im. T.T. Jeża, Warszawa 1883.
- A. Gamble, An Introduction to Modern Social and Political Thought, Macmillan, London 1981, s. 105.
- R. Legutko, Spory o kapitalizm, "Znak", Kraków 1994, s. 9.
- G. Ritzer, Klasyczna teoria socjologiczna, Zysk i S-ska, Poznań 2004, s. 107.
- A. Szahaj, M.N. Jakubowski, Filozofia polityki, PWN, Warszawa 2005, s. 138.
- R. Wroczyński, Wstęp, [w:] H. Spencer, O wychowaniu umysłowym, moralnym i fizycznym, Wydawnictwo Akademickie Żak, Warszawa 2002, s. 19.
- Z. Rau, Liberalizm. Zarys myśli politycznej XIX i XX wieku, Aletheia, Warszawa 2000, s. 89.
- P.S. Atiyah, The rise and fall of freedom of contract, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1979, s. 322.
- B. Crick, The American Science of Politics - It's Origins and Conditions, Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd., London 1959, s. 41.
- M. Król, Filozofia polityczna, "Znak", Kraków 2008, s. 72.
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikatory
DOI
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.ekon-element-000171249609