Environmental Policy in Hungary : The Role of Civil Society

• Autorzy: Joanne Caddy , Anna Vári
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Before the 1990s, environmental policy in Hungary was reactive with respect to environmental threats, closed to public input, based upon command-and-control measures and supported by a largely meaningless system of fines which were collected from state owned enterprises (SOEs) by the state itself. (...) Among the factors which reduced the effectiveness of environmental policy were: the imperatives of economic development under the command economy, the limited influence enjoyed by proponents of environmental protection within party circles, low public awareness and limited capacity for "voice". (...) Environmental policy-making under transi-tion has suffered from a different set of constraints, foremost among which are the low political salience of environmental issues with respect to pressing socio-economic concerns and drastic budget cuts. (fragment of text)

Słowa kluczowe

EN

Environmental protection; Environmental protection regulations; Civic society; Economic and political integration of Europe

PL

Ochrona środowiska; Prawne aspekty ochrony środowiska; Społeczeństwo obywatelskie; Integracja gospodarcza i polityczna Europy

• Czasopismo: Emergo. Journal of Transforming Economies and Societies
• Rocznik: 2003
• Tom: 10
• Numer: nr 2
• Strony: 66--78

Twórcy

autor

Joanne Caddy

• Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development

autor

Anna Vári

• Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary

Bibliografia

• Bochniarz, Z. and Kerekes, S. (1994) "Deficiencies in the Existing System of Environmental Protection in Hungary" in Z. Bochniarz, R. Bolan, S. Kerekes and J. Kindler (eds) Designing Institutions for Sustainable Development in Hungary: Agenda for the Future. Minneapolis-Budapest
• Caddy, J. (1999) "Hungary's Legislative and Institutional Framework for Public Participation in Environmental Decision-making" in A. Vâri and J. Caddy (eds) Public Participation in Environmental Decisions: Recent Developments in Hungary. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadö, pp. 17-33
• Caddy, J. and Vâri, A. (1999) "Public Participation in Environmental Decisions: Experiences, Trends and Lessons" in A. Vâri and J. Caddy (eds) Public Participation in Environmental Decisions: Recent Developments in Hungary. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadö, pp. 181-92
• Commission of the European Communities (1997a) "Agenda 2000: Commission Opinions on Applications for Membership of the European Union". Brussels: European Commission, 15 July
• Commission of the European Communities (1997b) "Agenda 2000: Reinforcing the Pre-Accession Strategy". Vol. II, DOC 97/7. Brussels: European Commission, 15 July
• Commission of the European Communities (1997c) "Enlarging the Environment: A Newsletter from the European Commission on Environmental Approximation". Issue No. 5. Brussels: European Commission (DG XI), July
• Commission of the European Communities (2001) "Regular Report from the Commission on Hungary's Progress Towards Accession". Brussels: European Commission, 13 November
• Galambos, J. (1993) "An International Environmental Conflict on the Danube: The Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Dams" in A. Vâri and P. Tamas (eds) Environmental Anti-democratic Transition: Policy and Politics in Central and Eastern Europe. Dordrecht/Boston/London: Kluwer, pp. 176-226
• Government of Hungary (1994) "Act LXV of 1990 on Local Governments". Hungarian Rules of Law in Force V (24), 15 December
• Government of Hungary (1995) "Act LIII on General Rules of Environmental Protection". Hungarian Rules of Law in Force VL (17), 1 September
• Haaland Matlâry, J. (1994) "The European Union and the Visegrâd Countries: The Case of Energy and Environmental Policies in Hungary". Regional Politics and Policy, Special Issue: Protecting the Periphery: Environmental Policy in Peripheral Regions of the European Union 4 (1): 136-52
• Jänicke, M. (1997) "The Political System's Capacity for Environmental Policy" in M. Jänicke and H. Weidner (eds) National Environmental Policies: A Comparative Study of Capacity-Building. Berlin: Springer
• KTM (1995) "Environmental Policy and Institutions of the Republic of Hungary: National Report for the OECD". Budapest: Ministry of Environment and Regional Policy, March
• PHARE (1996) "The Plzare Programme Annual Report 1995". COM (96) 360 final. Brussels: European Commission, 23 July
• REC (1994a) Manual on Public Participation in Environmental Decision-making. Current Practice and Future Possibilities in Central and Eastern Europe. Budapest: Regional Environmental Centre for Central and Eastern Europe
• REC (1994b) Strategic Environmental Issues in Central and Eastern Europe: Vol. 2: Environmental Needs Assessment in Ten Countries. Budapest: Regional Environmental Centre for Central and Eastern Europe
• REC (1994c) National Environmental Protection Funds in Central and Eastern Europe. Budapest: Regional Environmental Centre for Central and Eastern Europe, November
• REC (1994d) Use of Economic Instruments in Environmental Policy in Central and Eastern Europe. Budapest: Regional Environmental Centre for Central and Eastern Europe, December
• REC (1995a) Emerging Environmental Market Survey: Vol. 1. Budapest: Regional Environmental Centre for Central and Eastern Europe
• REC (1995b) Government and Environment: A Directory of Governmental Organizations with Environmental Responsibilities for Central and Eastern Europe. Budapest: Regional Environmental Centre for Central and Eastern Europe, September
• REC (1996) Approximation of European Union Environmental Legislation: Case Studies of Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovak Republic and Slovenia. Budapest: Regional Environmental Centre for Central and Eastern Europe, January
• REC (1997) Problems, Progress and Possibilities: A Needs Assessment of Environmental NGOs in Central and Eastern Europe. Budapest: Regional Environmental Centre for Central and Eastern Europe, April
• Szirmai, V. (2000) Environmental Interests in Hungary [in Hungarian]. Budapest: Pallas
• Vari, A. (1995) "Environmental Policy in Hungary: History and Plans". International Journal of Comparative Sociology and Anthropology 1 (1): 116-31
• Vari, A. (1999) "New Approaches to Conflict Management: Siting a Spent Fuel Storage Facility in Paks" in A. Vari and J. Caddy (eds) Public Participation in Environmental Decisions: Recent Developments in Hungary. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, pp. 57-70
• Weidner, H. (1997) "Implementation of EU Environmental Legislation: The Theoretical Perspective". Presentation at the 1997 Spring Workshop "Implementing EU Environmental Policy". Working Group on Environmental Studies, Robert Schumann Centre, European University Institute, 10-11 April, Florence