Spory terytorialne na Morzu Południowochińskim. Czy powrót do "dyplomacji kanonierek"?

• Autorzy: Janusz Symonides

Warianty tytułu

Territorial Disputes in the South China Sea. Return of "Gunboat Diplomacy"?

• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

Morze Południowochińskie rozciąga się od Singapuru i Cieśniny Malakka do Cieśniny Tajwańskiej i obejmuje obszar około 3.500.000 km2. Ze względu na ograniczone cieśninami wejście, jest ono uznawane za morze półzamknięte. Wokół niego położone są Chiny, Tajwan, Filipiny, Malezja, Brunei, Indonezja, Singapur i Wietnam. Z wyjątkiem Indonezji i Singapuru wszystkie państwa nadbrzeżne toczą między sobą spory terytorialne o suwerenność nad położonymi na tym morzu wyspami, skałami, atolami, rafami i płyciznami, których jest ponad 250, przy czym najbardziej zdecydowane roszczenia wysuwają ChRL (i Tajwan) oraz Wietnam i Filipiny do wysp Spratly, Paracelskich i Macclesfield wraz z płycizną Scarborough. Spór między Chinami a Wietnamem Południowym o wyspy Paracelskie doprowadził w 1974 r. do konfliktu zbrojnego, w wyniku którego siły południowowietnamskie zostały pokonane, śmierć poniosło kilkudziesięciu żołnierzy wietnamskich, a cały archipelag Paracelski został zajęty przez ChRL. Z kolei w związku ze sporem o wyspy Spratly doszło między Chinami a Wietnamem w 1988 r. do starcia zbrojnego, w wyniku którego zostało zatopionych kilka jednostek wietnamskich, zginęło siedemdziesięciu marynarzy, a sześć wysepek i raf zostało opanowanych przez Chiny. Incydenty z użyciem okrętów oraz jednostek straży granicznej i statków patrolowych miały też miejsce między Chinami a Filipinami. Do incydentów w kontekście sporów dotyczących wysp Spratly dochodziło także między okrętami i statkami Filipin, Malezji, Wietnamu, a nawet Tajwanu. (fragment tekstu)

EN

Territorial disputes in the South China Sea involving China, Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei and Taiwan, lasting for tens of years, became particularly fierce in 2009-2012 as a result of activities of disputing parties. These disputes concern sovereignty over the Paracel Islands, Spratly Islands, and Scarborough Shoal, as well as demarcation of disputed areas of exclusive economic zones and continental shelves. Furthermore, the United States and China are in disagreement over freedom to navigate the sea by military ships in exclusive economic zones. The disputes concern then the right to exploit areas rich in oil and gas deposits, and the right to fish. If it comes to geopolitical dimension, the dispute over freedom of navigation means the dispute over control of the waters through which shipping routes pass, which are of key signifi cance to the world maritime trade. Although ASEAN and China adopted the 2002 Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea, providing for peaceful solution of existing disputes without resorting to threat and use of force, by means of friendly consultations and negotiations, in accordance with principles of international law, and the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea, militarization of these waters takes place. Due to complex legal nature of the dispute and exclusion of possibility to appeal to international courts, it seems that despite ongoing works on adopting obligatory code of conduct between ASEAN and China, there is a little chance for legal settlement of these disputes in the nearest future. An important step towards reduction of existing tensions could be adopting principles of common exploitation and management of disputed areas, as well as mutual confidence-building measures and developing cooperation. However, progressing militarization of the South China Sea, nationalist tendencies and "patriotic" involvement of societies make seeking and reaching compromises diffi cult. Although in this situation there is no threat of war or armed confl icts on a big scale, probability of employing armed forces in these disputes, and even some incidents involving them seem possible, and even unavoidable. (original abstract)

Słowa kluczowe

PL

Polityka morska; Konflikty zbrojne; Granice państwa; Międzynarodowe prawo morza

EN

Maritime policy; Armed conflicts; State boundaries; International law of the sea

• Czasopismo: Stosunki Międzynarodowe
• Rocznik: 2012
• Tom: 46
• Numer: nr 2
• Strony: 33--58

Twórcy

autor

Janusz Symonides

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