Arktyka - region współpracy czy konfliktów

• Autorzy: Janusz Symonides

Warianty tytułu

Arctic - a region of cooperation or conflicts

• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

O ile w XX wieku Arktyka była przedmiotem zainteresowania głównie naukowców: glacjologów, geologów, hydrologów, biologów czy klimatologów uczestniczących w ekspedycjach i programach badawczych, zarówno narodowych, jak i międzynarodowych, o tyle w XXI wieku coraz więcej uwagi zaczęli jej poświęcać także politycy, decydenci, wojskowi oraz media. Główną przyczyną tego wzrastającego zainteresowania jest topnienie lodów w Arktyce. Zmiany klimatyczne w tym regionie przebiegają z większą intensywnością niż w pozostałych częściach świata. Pokrywa lodowa Oceanu Arktycznego znika w dwukrotnie szybszym tempie niż w innych regionach naszego globu. Jeszcze niedawno prognozowano, że ocean będzie wolny od lodów (w ciągu lata) pod koniec czy w połowie tego stulecia. Moment ten przesuwany jest w zaskakującym tempie i obecnie mówi się już o perspektywie 30, 20, a nawet 10 lat. Pozostawiając na uboczu te prognozy można wskazać niepodważalny fakt, że w ostatnich latach pokrywa lodowa staje się znacznie cieńsza, a drogi morskie prowadzące przez Arktykę - północnozachodnie przejście poprzez archipelag kanadyjski i północna droga morska wzdłuż wybrzeży syberyjskich - w ostatnich latach są wolne, przez kilka miesięcy, od lodów. (fragment tekstu)

EN

In recent years the international community's attention has turned to the Arctic region. Policymakers, academics and the media have paid increased attention to this region. The Arctic is warming nearly twice as rapidly as the rest of the world. Reduction in sea-ice opens the area to marine transport. Transarctic shipping, during summer months, becoming reality. The reduced ice is facilitating access to biological and mineral resources in the region, in particular oil and gas. The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982 provides Arctic States with a legal framework for the activities in the Arctic Ocean. If a coastal State wishes to delimitate its continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles, it has to submit relevant data and information to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf. The Commission issues recommendations, and the limits based on these recommendations are final and binding. In the Arctic region only two coastal States so far have made submission to the Commission: the Russian Federation and Norway. The Commission accepted the Norwegian submission and recommended that the Russian Federation make a revised submissions. Canada, Denmark and the United States have yet to make their submissions. As regards the seafloor of the Arctic Ocean, the alleged "scramble", "ice cold war" and "conflicts" amongst the States have been over-hyped. This become particularly evident from August 2007, when planting of a Russian flag on the North Pole sea bed resulted in a frenzy of international attention, much focused on growing potential for violent conflict in the region. In fact all Arctic States are closely cooperating and acting in line with the existing legal and political framework. The recent example of such cooperation is given by Norway and Russia. On 15 September 2010, they signed the treaty on maritime delimitation and cooperation in the Barents Sea and the Arctic Ocean. Under the provisions of the treaty, Norway and Russia will receive approximately equal parts of the disputed sea area. The treaty is a clear indication that two countries respect international rules. It provides additional confirmation the Arctic is a region in which the coastal States resolve their differences through peaceful means and in accordance with international law. The necessity of peaceful cooperation between Arctic States is obvious as none of them could resolve unilaterally problems and challenges the Arctic is concerned with. Rather than pointing towards conflict the prospect of increasing economic activity in the Arctic Ocean will by itself present strong incentives for Arctic cooperation. Large-scale exploitation costly and technologically challenging is only possible under conditions of peace and stability in this region. Therefore, most of the frightening scenarios for the Arctic lack real grounds. Though there is an increase of military potentials in Arctic, it is rather linked with new constabulary functions of military force therefore it cannot be qualified as beginning of an arms race. The existing issues including those related to the extended continental shelves delimitation, freedom of navigation, fisheries or resulting from different interpretations of the Paris treaty concerning Spitsbergen, can be resolved in a spirit of partnership through negotiations and on the basis of existing international law. (original abstract)

Słowa kluczowe

PL

Granice państwa; Prawo międzynarodowe; Gospodarka morska; Polityka morska; Międzynarodowe prawo morza; Pokrywa lodowa

EN

State boundaries; International law; Maritime economy; Maritime policy; International law of the sea; Ice cover

• Czasopismo: Stosunki Międzynarodowe
• Rocznik: 2011
• Tom: 44
• Numer: nr 3/4
• Strony: 9--33

Twórcy

autor

Janusz Symonides

• Uniwersytet Warszawski

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