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Abstrakty
Participation of women in the electoral process of India as contestants has been very abysmal since the inception of the electoral process of the country. Present study has been conceived in view of the demands raised by various political parties and different women organizations about introducing and passing of women's reservation bill in the parliament so as to secure at least 33 % seats for women candidates across the country. In the present study attempt has been made to see how far women candidates have been given representation by national and state level political parties during all the general elections held in India since independence. The other areas covered in the study include the distribution of political parties during all the general elections held, female candidate fielded by parties in proportion to male candidates, their success rate, votes secured, forfeited deposits etc. the study is purely based on secondary data, retrieved from the official website of the Election Commission of India on October 21, 2013. The multiparty system in India has somewhere become the areas of concern, which in fact has heralded an era of coalition politics in country, where the number has grown exponentially and as of now more than 2000 political parties stand registered with the Election commission of India. On average mere 6.90 % women candidates have been chosen to parliament during each general election, while as on average 4.49 % women contestants have been fielded in each general election. Scenario of state political parties is more worrisome and in case of independent contestants the situation is quite displeasing. (original abstract)
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
128--149
Opis fizyczny
Twórcy
autor
- Baba Ghulam Shah Badshah University, India
Bibliografia
- [1] United Nations entity for Gender Equality and the empowerment of women. Retrieved October 27, 2013 from: http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/
- [2] Geraldine Forbes (1979). Votes for Women: The demand for Women's franchise in India, in Vina Mazumdar (Ed), Symbols of Power: Studies on the Political Status of Women in India, Bombay.
- [3] Ministry of Home affaris, Govt of India. available at: http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_And_You/index.aspx
- [4] Geo-Hack-India. (n.d). Retrieved July 13, 2013 from: http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?pagename=India¶ms=28_36.8_N_7 7_12.5_E_type:country
- [5] Indian Parliament. (n.d). Accessed on August 2, 2013. Available at: http://www.parliamentofindia.nic.in/
- [6] Election Commissioner of India. (n.d). Retrieved July 13, 2013 from: http://eci.gov.in/eci_main1/index.aspx
- [7] Ibid.
- [8] Ibid.
- [9] Fox Richard L., et al., Gendered Perceptions and Political Candidacies: A Central Barrier to Women's Equality in Electoral Politics. American Journal of Political Science 55 (1) 2011) 59-73.
- [10] United Nations Development Programme (2002). Human Development Report 2002, New York: Oxford University Press
- [11] Pacific Institute of Advanced Studies in Development and Governance. (2005). REPORT ON THE COOK ISLANDS PARLIAMENTARY ELECTIONS OBSERVATION. (2004). The University of the South Pacific Serving the Cook Islands, Fiji, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, Niue, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu
- [12] Phillips A. (ed) (1998). Feminism and Politics, Oxford: Oxford University Press
- [13] Carroll S. J. (ed.) (2001). The Impact of Women in Public Office, Indiana: University of Indiana Press.
- [14] Pitkin H. (1967). The Concept of Representation, Berkeley: University of California Press.
- [15] Inglehart R., Norris P. (2003). Rising Tide: Gender Equality and Cultural Change, New York: Cambridge University Press.
- [16] Bergqvist C., Borchorst A., Christensen A., Ramstedt-Silén V., Raaum N. C., Styrkársdóttir A. (eds.) (1999) Equal Democracies? Gender and Politics in the Nordic Countries, Olso: Scandinavian University Press.
- [17] Mhatre Minal (2009). Women in Electoral Politics: A Case Study of Women's Political Participation in Maharashtra
- [18] Reynolds A., Reserved seats in national legislatures, Legislative Studies Quarterly 30(2) 2005) 301-310.
- [19] Tinker I., Quotas for women in elected legislatures: do they really empower women? Womens Studies International Forum 27(5-6) 2004) 531-546.
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
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