Evolution, Hierarchy, and Democracy : Iraq and Afghanistan

• Autorzy: Albert Somit , Steven A. Peterson

Warianty tytułu

Ewolucja, hierarchia i demokracja : Irak i Afganistan

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

As we know, historically democracies have been very rare. Even today, in the so-called "Age of Democracy", they constitute a shrinking minority of governments. Why? Neo-Darwinian theory provides a persuasive powerful answer. Our evolutionary history has given our species a marked tendency toward hierarchical political and social structures, an obvious and serious impediment to democracy. However, under certain "enabling" social, political, and economic conditions, viable democracies are sometimes possible. This paper explains why humans are hierarchically inclined, describes the requisite enabling conditions, and points out that the near-total absence of these conditions in both Iraq and Afghanistan vitiates any attempt at democratic "nation building" in these countries. (original abstract)

Jeśli spojrzeć na demokracje z historycznego punktu widzenia, to widać, że są one zjawiskiem rzadkim. Nawet obecnie, w tzw. wieku demokracji, rządy demokratyczne stanowią zdecydowaną mniejszość. Dlaczego tak się dzieje? Przekonywującą odpowiedź na to pytanie daje teoria neodarwinistyczna. W trakcie ewolucji rodzaj ludzki został wyposażony w zauważalną cechę, która pcha nas w kierunku tworzenia hierarchicznych struktur politycznych i społecznych, co jest niewątpliwie przeszkodą na drodze do demokracji. Jednak w sprzyjających okolicznościach politycznych, społecznych i gospodarczych możliwe jest stworzenie prawdziwej demokracji. Autorzy wyjaśniają, dlaczego człowiek ma tendencję do tworzenia struktur hierarchicznych, opisują warunki kształtujące owe sprzyjające okoliczności i w końcu pokazują, jak brak lub niemal brak takich warunków skazuje na niepowodzenie każdą próbę tworzenia społeczeństwa demokratycznego w Iraku i Afganistanie. (abstrakt oryginalny)

Słowa kluczowe

EN

Democracy; Democratic society

PL

Demokracja; Społeczeństwo demokratyczne

• Czasopismo: Chorzowskie Studia Polityczne
• Rocznik: 2014
• Numer: nr 7 Bezpieczeństwo i prawa człowieka : analiza wybranych problemów globalnych = Security and Human Rights : an Analysis of Selected Global Problems
• Strony: 301--320

Twórcy

autor

Albert Somit

• Southern Illinois University

autor

Steven A. Peterson

• School of Public Affairs, Penn State Harrisburg

Bibliografia

• Alford J.R., Funk C.L., Hibbing J.R., Are Political Orientations Genetically Transmitted?, "American Political Science Review" 2005, no. 99.
• Alford J.R., Hibbing J.R., The Origins of Politics: An Evolutionary Theory of Political Behavior, "Perspectives on Politics" 2005, no. 2.
• Anderson L., Stansfield G., The Future of Iraq: Dictatorship, Democracy, Or Division, Palgrave MacMillan, New York 2004.
• Bauers K.A., Hearn J.P., Patterns of Paternity in Relation to Male Social Rank in the Stumptailed Macaque, "Behaviour" 1994, no. 129.
• Berman C.M., Maternal Lineages as Tools for Understanding Infant Social Development and Social Structure, in: The Cayo Santiago Macaques, ed. Richard G. Rawlins, Matt J. Kessler, State University of New York Press, Albany 1986.
• Bernstein I.S., Management of Aggression as a Component of Sociality, in: The Origins and Nature of Sociality, ed. R.W. Sussman, A.R. Chapman, A. de Gruyter, Hawthorne, NY 2004.
• Brown D., Human Universals, McGraw-Hill, New York 1991.
• Casper G., Fragile Democracies, University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh 1995.
• Cesarini D., Johannesson M., Oskarsson S., Pre-birth Factors, Post-birth Factors, and Voting Evidence from Swedish Adoption Data, "American Political Science Review" 2014, no. 108.
• Conetta C., Losing Hearts and Minds: World Public Opinion and Post-9/11 US Security Policy, www.comw.org/pda/0609bm37.html [15.03.2014].
• Cordesman A.H., The War after the War: Strategic Lessons of Iraq and Afghanistan, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington, D. C. 2004.
• Corning P., The Cooperative Gene: Evolution, Human Nature, and Politics, in: Biopolicy: The Life Sciences and Public Policy, ed. Albert Somit, Steven A. Peterson, Emerald Group Publishing, Bingley, UK 2012.
• de Ruiter, J. R., van Hooff J. A.R.A.M., Scheffrahn W., Social and Genetic Aspects of Paternity in Wild Long-tailed Macaques, "Behaviour" 1993, no. 129.
• De Waal F.B.M., Bonobo: The Forgotten Ape, University of California Press, Berkeley 1998.
• Diamond L., Squandered Victory, New York Times Books, New York 2005.
• Dixson A.F., Bossi T., Wicklings E.J., Male Dominance and Genetically Determined Reproductive Success in the Mandrill, "Primates" 1993, no. 34.
• Dobbins J., McGinn J.G., Crane K., Jones S.G., Lal R., Rathmell A., Swanger R., Timilsna A., America's Role in Nation-Building: From Germany to Iraq, RAND, Santa Monica 2003.
• Dodge T., Inventing Iraq, Columbia University Press, New York 2003.
• Elshtain J.B, Democracy on Trial, Basic Books, New York 1995.
• Ely J., Alford P., Ferrell R.E., DNA 'Fingerprinting' and the Genetic Management of a Captive Chimpanzee Population, "American Journal of Primatology" 1991, no. 24.
• Fukuyama F., State-Building, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, NY 2004.
• Galbraith P.W., The End of Iraq: How American Incompetence Created a War Without End, Simon & Schuster, New York 2006.
• Gall C., Sanger D.E., Civilian Deaths Undermine Allies' War on Taliban, 13 May 2007, www.nytimes.com/2007/05/13/world/asia/13AFGHAN.html [15.03.2014].
• Gall C., Shah T., Afghan Villagers Describe Chaos of U.S. Strikes, 15 May 2009.
• www.nytimes.com/2009/05/15/world/asia/15farah.html [15.03.2014].
• Global Public Opinion, Global Public Opinion in the Bush Years, Pew Research Center, Washington, D. C. 2008.
• Hatemi P.K., Gillespie N.A., Eaves L.J., Maher B.S., Webb B.T., Heath A.C., Medland S.E., Smyth D.C., Beeby H.N., Gordon S.D., Montgomery G.M., Zhu G., Byrne E.M., Martin N.G., A Genome-wide Analysis of Liberal and Conservative Political Attitudes, "Journal of Politics" 2011, no. 73.
• Hatemi P.K., Hibbing J.R., Medland S.E., Keller M.C., Alford J.R., Smith K.B., Martin N.G., Eaves L.J., Not by Twins Alone: Using the Extended Family Design to Investigate Genetic Influence on Political Beliefs, "American Journal of Political Science" 2010, vol. 54.
• Hausfater G., Altmann J., Altmann S., Long-term Consistency of Dominance Relations Among Female Baboons (Papio Cynocephalus), "Science" 1982, no. 217.
• Hibbing J.R., Alford J.R., Accepting Authoritative Decisions: Humans as Wary Cooperators, "American Journal of Political Science" 2004, no. 48.
• Hibbing J.R., Smith K., Alford J.R., Predisposed: Liberals, Conservatives, and the Biology of Political Differences, Routledge, New York 2013.
• Jennings R.S., The Road Ahead: Lessons in Nation-Building from Japan, Germany, and Afghanistan for Postwar Iraq, United States Institute of Peace, Washington, DC 2003.
• Lewis B., I'm Right, You're Wrong, Go to Hell, "Atlantic Monthly" May 2003.
• Lipset S.M., Political Man, Anchor Books, Garden City, NY 1963.
• McDermott R., The Feeling of Rationality: The Meaning of Neuroscientific Advances for Political Science, "Perspectives on Politics" 2005, no. 2.
• Muller E.N., Democracy, Economic Development, and Income Inequality, "American Sociological Review" 1988, no. 53.
• Muller E.N., Seligson M.A., Civic Culture and Democracy, "American Political Science Review" 1994, no. 88.
• Orbell J., Morikawa T., Hartwig J., Hanley J., Allen N., 'Machiavellian' Intelligence as a Basis for the Evolution of Cooperative Dispositions, "American Political Science Review" 2004, no. 98.
• Paris R., At War's End: Building Peace after Civil Conflict, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2004.
• Paul A., Kuester J., Adaptive Significance of Sex Ratio Adjustment in Semifree-ranging Barbary Macaques at Salem, "Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology" 1990, no. 27.
• Pei M., Kasper S., Lessons from the Past: The American Record on Nation-building, Carnegie Endowment for International Piece, briefing paper, 24 May 2003.
• Puddington A., Freedom in the World 2014, freedomhouse.org/sites/default/files/FIW2014%20Booklet.pdf.
• Ricks T.E., Fiasco, The Penguin Press, New York 2006.
• Smith D.G., A 15-year Study of the Association Between Dominance Rank and Reproductive Success of Male Rhesus Macaques, "Primates" 1993, no. 34.
• Somit A., Peterson S.A., Darwinism, Dominance, and Democracy, Praeger, Greenwich, CT 1997.
• Somit A., Peterson S.A., The Failure of Democratic Nation Building: Ideology Meets Evolution, Palgrave MacMillan, New York 2005.
• Somit A., Peterson S.A., The Failure of Democratic Nation Building: Ideology Meets Evolution, Palgrave MacMillan, New York 2010 (revised edition).
• Suskind R., The One Percent Doctrine, Simon & Schuster, New York 2006.
• Texeira R., Public Opinion Snapshot: The United States Needs a New Image, www.americanprogress.org/issues/2008/03/new_images.html [15.03.2014].
• The Sociobiology of Ethnocentrism, ed. V. Reynolds, V. Falger, I. Vine, University of Georgia Press, Athens, GA 1987.
• Thierry B., Covariation of Conflict Management Patterns Across Macaque Species, in: Natural Conflict Resolution, ed. F. Aureli, Frans B.M. de Waal, University of California Press, Berkeley 2000.
• Vanhanen T., Democratization: A Comparative Analysis of 170 Countries, Routledge, London 2003.
• Zakaria F., The Future of Freedom, W. W. Norton, New York 2004.