Zmiany granic okręgów wyborczych w wyborach do Izby Reprezentantów Kongresu Stanów Zjednoczonych i ich rola w systemie politycznym USA

• Autorzy: Piotr Szyja

Warianty tytułu

Redistricting in the Elections to the US House of Representatives and its Role in the US Political System

• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

Głównym celem artykułu jest analiza systemu zmian granic okręgów wyborczych w wyborach do Izby Reprezentantów Kongresu USA oraz zbadanie, jakie konsekwencje ma on dla funkcjonowania całego systemu politycznego. Artykuł opiera się na tezie, że zmiany granic okręgów nie mają bezpośredniego wpływu na wyniki wyborów i na system polityczny, mają jednak istotny wpływ pośredni, wzmacniający inne tendencje, a także pośredniczący, polegający na transmisji zmian z jednego poziomu systemu politycznego na inny. Artykuł składa się z trzech części. W pierwszej przedstawiony jest historyczny proces kształtowania się systemu zmian granic okręgów wyborczych, od ustanowienia Stanów Zjednoczonych aż do lat 60. XX wieku. W drugiej części omówione są trzy kolejne etapy ewolucji współczesnego systemu zmian granic okręgów. W trzeciej części zanalizowany jest wpływ systemu zmian granic okręgów na funkcjonowanie całego systemu politycznego. Poruszone są takie zagadnienia, jak: bezpośredni wpływ na wynik wyborów, domniemany zanik konkurencji wyborczej, rosnąca polaryzacja sceny politycznej i elektoratu oraz wrażliwość wybranych przedstawicieli na problemy wyborców. (abstrakt oryginalny)

EN

The main purpose of this article is to analyse the system of redistricting regarding the elections to the US House of Representatives and to examine what consequences it has for the entire political system. The article is based on a hypothesis that redistricting does not have a direct impact on elections results and on the political system. However, it has an important indirect impact, strengthening already existing trends, and also a mediating impact, consisting in the transmission of changes from one level of the political system to another level. The article consists of three parts. The first one is devoted to historical evolution of the redistricting system, from the creation of the United States till the 1960s. The second part discusses three subsequent phases of the evolution of the contemporary redistricting system. The third part investigates how redistricting affects the political system as a whole. The following issues are analysed in this part: direct impact on elections results, alleged decline in electoral competition, growing polarization of the political arena and the electorate, and representatives' attentiveness to their constituents' problems. (original abstract)

Słowa kluczowe

PL

System polityczny; System wyborczy

EN

Political system; Voting system

• Czasopismo: Myśl Ekonomiczna i Polityczna
• Rocznik: 2016
• Numer: nr 2 (53)
• Strony: 277--303

Twórcy

autor

Piotr Szyja

• Instytut Studiów Politycznych PAN, doktorant

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