Exploitation of Migrant Labour Force in the EU Agriculture

• Autorzy: Aldona Zawojska

Warianty tytułu

Eksploatacja siły roboczej migrantów w rolnictwie Unii Europejskiej

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

Badanie ma na celu przyczynienie się do pogłębienia zrozumienia zjawiska wykorzystywania (wyzysku) siły roboczej i jego objawów. W artykule przedstawiono koncepcje eksploatacji siły roboczej, wykorzystując teoretyczną perspektywę zaproponowaną przez Marksa, ekonomistów neoklasycznych, libertarian oraz filozofów politycznych, a także formalne/prawne podejście zawarte w protokołach ONZ i dyrektywach UE. Badanie bazuje na przeglądzie literatury naukowej, oficjalnych raportów oraz artykułów prasowych i innych doniesień medialnych. W artykule jednoznacznie wykazano, że eksploatacja zagranicznych migrantów zarobkowych rzeczywiście istnieje w sektorach rolnych UE, a co więcej, że należą one do czołowych sektorów gospodarki o najwyższym ryzyku nadmiernego wykorzystywania siły roboczej. W 10 krajach UE sektor rolnictwa, leśnictwa i rybołówstwa został uplasowany na pierwszym miejscu wśród sektorów, w których zatrudnieni najbardziej narażeni są na ryzyko eksploatacji. Cudzoziemscy pracownicy rolni doświadczają wielu form wykorzystywania, począwszy od nędznych wynagrodzeń, poprzez niewolnictwo za długi, a kończąc na fizycznym i psychicznym znęcaniu się. Ofiary tego procederu w UE pochodzą z różnych części świata: Afryki, Azji oraz Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej (w tym z innych krajów UE). (abstrakt oryginalny)

Słowa kluczowe

EN

Population migration; Economic migration; Agriculture; Cheap workforce

PL

Migracja ludności; Migracja zarobkowa; Rolnictwo; Tania siła robocza

• Czasopismo: Zeszyty Naukowe SGGW w Warszawie. Ekonomika i Organizacja Gospodarki Żywnościowej
• Rocznik: 2016
• Numer: nr 116
• Strony: 37--55

Twórcy

autor

Aldona Zawojska

• Szkoła Główna Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Warszawie

Bibliografia

• ANDERSON B., ROGALY B., 2009: Forced Labour and Migration to the UK, Study prepared by COMPAS in collaboration with the Trades Union Congress, http://www.ituc-csi. org/IMG/pdf/Forced_labour_in_UK_12-2009.pdf.
• ARNESON R.J., 1981: What's Wrong with Exploitation?, Ethics 91 (2), 202-227.
• BUTTLER S., 2015: UK Shops Urged to Look at Italian Tomato Sourcing Over Exploitation Concerns, The Guardian, 10 December 2015.
• Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, Official Journal of the European Communities, 2000, C 364/1.
• Directive 2014/36/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 February 2014 on the conditions of entry and stay of third-country nationals for the purpose of employment as seasonal workers, Official Journal of the European Union, L94/375.
• Due Diligence in Agricultural Supply Chains: Counteracting Exploitation of Migrant Workers in Italian Tomato Production, 2016. Oslo, London, Copenhagen: Joint Ethical Trading Initiatives.
• DutchNews.nl, 2015: Many Mushroom Farmers Still Exploiting Their Workers, 8 June 2015, http://www.dutchnews.nl/news/archives/2015/06/many-mushroom-farmers-still-exploiting- their-workers.
• Employer Sanctions Directive - Directive 2009/52/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 June 2009 providing for minimum standards on sanctions and measures against employers of illegally staying third-country nationals, Official Journal of the European Union, L168/24.
• European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights - FRA, 2015: Severe Labour Exploitation: Workers Moving within or into the European Union States' Obligations and Victims' Rights, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.
• France 24, 2013: Two Arrested after Migrant Workers Shot on Greek Farm, http://www. france24.com/en/20130418-greece-hunts-foremen-after-migrant-workers-shot.
• HAILBRONNER K., THYM D. (Eds), 2016: EU Immigration and Asylum Law. A Commentary, C.H. Beck, München.
• Hortidaily, 2016: Polish Workers Exploited in the Netherlands, 29 June, 2016, http://www. hortidaily.com/article/27302/Polish-workers-exploited-in-the-Netherlands.
• International Labour Organisation - ILO, 1930: Convention Concerning Forced or Compulsory Labour (Entry into force: 1 May 1932). Adoption: Geneva, 14th ILC session (28 June 1930); Status: Up-to-date instrument (Fundamental Convention).
• International Labour Organisation - ILO, 2012: Indicators of Forced Labour, International Labour Office, Geneva.
• JORDANS F., 2015: Italy's Migrant Workers Forced to Take on Farm Labour, Thestar.com, https://www.thestar.com/news/world/2015/05/09/italys-migrant-workers-forced-totake- on-farm-labour.html.
• KASIMIS Ch., PAPADOPOULOS A.G., ZACOPOULOU E., 2003: Migrants in Rural Greece, Sociologia Ruralis 43 (2), 167-184.
• LAWRENCE F., 2011: Spain's Salad Growers Are Modern-day Slaves, Say Charities, The Guardian, 7 February 2011, https://www.theguardian.com/business/2011/feb/07/spainsalad- growers-slaves-charities.
• LAWRENCE F., 2015: Lithuanian Migrants Trafficked to UK Egg Farms Sue 'Worst Gangmaster Ever', The Guardian, 10 August 2015.
• LAWRENCE F., 2016a: Gangmasters Agree to Pay More than £1m to Settle Modern Slavery Claim, The Guardian, 20 December 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2016/ dec/20/gangmasters-agree-1m-payout-to-settle-modern-slavery-claim.
• LAWRENCE F., 2016b: Attempts to Stop Exploitation by Gangmasters Must Not Be Undermined, The Guardian, 6 March 2016.
• The Local.es, 2016: Five Arrested Over Exploiting Romanian Workers in Spain, 16 January 2016, http://www.thelocal.es/20160116/five-arrested-in-spain-over-exploiting-romanian- farm-workers.
• MacKENZIE R., FORDE Ch., 2009: The Rhetoric of the 'Good Worker' Versus the Realities of Employers' Use and the Experiences of Migrant Workers, Work, Employment & Society 23 (1), 142-159.
• MARX K., 1867/1887: Capital. A Critique of Political Economy, Volume I, Book One: The Process of Production of Capital, Progress Publishers, Moscow, https://www.marxists. org/archive/marx/works/download/pdf/Capital-Volume-I.pdf.
• Migrant Tales, 2013: Thai Berry Pickers in Finland are Between a Rock and a Hard Place, September 22, 2013, http://www.migranttales.net/thai-berry-pickers-in-finland-arebetween- a-rock-and-a-hard-place.
• MORTIMER C., 2016: Calais Refugee Children Forced to Work on Fruit Farms and Share Accommodation with Adults, Charity Claims, Independent, 19 November 2016, http:// www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/calais-jungle-refugee-crisis-child-forcedlabour- fruit-farms-reception-centre-a7427396.html. Osservatorio Placido Rizzotto, 2014: Agromafie e Caporalato, Secondo Rapporto, Ediesse.
• PIGOU A.C., 1948: The Economics of Welfare, Transaction Publishers, New Bruswick and London.
• POLLARD D., 2012: The Gangmaster System in the UK: Perspective of the Trade Unionist, [in:] S. Barrientos, C. Dolan (Eds) Ethical Sourcing in the Global Food System, New York, Earthscan from Routledge, 115-128.
• Radio Poland, 2015: Migrant Workers in Poland at Risk of Exploitation, 3 June 2015.
• ROEMER J.E., 1982: A General Theory of Exploitation and Class, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.
• SIBILAK M., 2015: Praca sezonowa czy dobrowolne niewolnictwo?, Interia.pl, 11 January 2015, http://biznes.onet.pl/praca/prawo-pracy/praca-sezonowa-czy-dobrowolneniewolnictwo/ 42g62n.
• STEINER H., 1984: A Liberal Theory of Exploitation, Ethics 94 (2), 225-241.
• STEINER H., 2010: Exploitation Takes Time, [in:] J. Vint, J.S. Metcalfe, H.D. Kurz, N. Salvadori, P.A. Samuelson (Eds), Economic Theory and Economic Thought: Essays in Honour of Ian Steedman, Routledge, London and New York, 20-29.
• STRAUSS K., 2013: Unfree Again: Social Reproduction, Flexible Labour Markets and the Resurgence of Gang Labour in the UK, Antipode, A Radical Journal of Geography 45 (1), 180-197.
• TAYLOR J., STURDY J., 2013: Fens Migrant Workers 'Exploited', BBC Finds, BBC News, 30 September 2013, http://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-24108665.
• TONDO L., 2016: Ours Are the Hands and Faces of Slavery: The Exploitation of Migrants in Sicily, The Guardian, 24 November 2016.
• TOTARO P., 2016a: Calls Mount to Stop Abuse of Migrant Workers in Italy's 'Red Gold': the Tomato Sector, Reuters World News, 29 March 2016, http://www.reuters.com/article/ us-italy-migrants-slavery-idUSKCN0WV13U.
• TOTARO P., 2016b: Italian Tomatoes the Product of Migrant 'Slave Labour', The Australian, 30 January 2016, http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/inquirer/italian-tomatoes-theproduct- of-migrant-slave-labour/news-story/fece485267a1dd13b34a9ac78718208d.
• U.S. Department of State, 2016: Trafficking in Persons Report June 2016, U.S. Department of State Publication, Office of the Under Secretary for Civilian Security, Democracy, and Human Rights, Washington D.C.
• United Nations - UN, 1955: Slavery Convention Signed at Geneva on 25 September 1926, and amended by the Protocol, New York, 7 December 1953.
• United Nations - UN, 2000: Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children Supplementing The United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime.
• Ustawa z dnia 2 lipca 2004 r. o swobodzie działalności gospodarczej, Dz.U. 2004 nr 173, poz. 1807.
• VASSILOPOULOS J., 2013: Pakistani Migrant Fruit Pickers in Greece Strike over Inhuman Conditions, World Socialist Web Site, 15 July 2014, https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/ 2014/07/15/gree-j15.html.
• VROUSALIS N., 2013: Exploitation, Vulnerability, and Social Domination, Philosophy and Public Affairs 41 (2), 131-157.
• WASLEY A., 2011: Bitter Harvest: How Exploitation and Abuse Stalks Migrant Workers on UK Farms. The Ecologist, http://www.theecologist.org/News/news_analysis/1083134/ bitter_harvest_how_exploitation_and_abuse_stalks_migrant_workers_on_uk_farms. html.
• ZWOLINSKI M., WERTHEIMER A., 2016: «Exploitation», The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/fall2016/entries/exploitation/.