Who Counts as an Unauthorized/Irregular/Illegal Immigrant? Comparative Analysis of the US and EU Perspectives

• Autorzy: Marta Pachocka , Jan Misiuna

Warianty tytułu

Nielegalni/nieregularni imigranci? Analiza porównawcza podejść USA i UE

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

With 11 million illegal aliens living in the United States, according to the 2010 US Census Data, it seems justified that illegal immigration is considered one of the most important problems of US immigration policy reform debate. Similarly, irregular immigration should also be considered a key challenge in the immigration policy debate in the European Union in the midst of the migration and refugee crises. However, direct comparisons are rare and often misleading. In the present paper we are analysing legal approaches towards defining unauthorized/illegal/irregular immigration in both entities and seek for the consequences of using different definition for analysis, public understanding and policy debates, and designing and implementing government policies. Various research methods were used in the preparation of this interdisciplinary paper, including the analysis of statistical data and the content analysis of acts of law and documents published by governmental and international institutions and organizations as well as NGOs.(original abstract)

Według spisu powszechnego z 2010 r. w Stanach Zjednoczonych przebywało 11 milionów imigrantów o nieuregulowanym statusie prawnym. Nie zaskakuje w związku z tym fakt, że nielegalna imigracja jest jednym z podstawowych zagadnień poruszanych w debacie o reformie amerykańskiego systemu imigracyjnego. Analogicznie, nieregulowana imigracja jest jednym z kluczowych wyzwań przywoływanych w debacie nad polityką imigracyjną w Unii Europejskiej doświadczającej od kilku lat kryzysów migracyjnego i uchodźczego. Mimo zbieżności problemów analizy porównawcze USA i UE przeprowadzane są rzadko, a jeżeli już są wykonywane, to ich wyniki często wprowadzają w błąd. W artykule dokonujemy analizy definicji nielegalnej/ nieregularnej imigracji stosowanych w aktach prawnych i dokumentach oficjalnych w USA i UE, mając na uwadze możliwe konsekwencje dla opracowywanych analiz w tym zakresie i prowadzonych debat publicznych, a także dla projektowania i wdrażania sektorowych polityk publicznych.(abstrakt oryginalny)

Słowa kluczowe

EN

Immigration; Refugees; Illegal migration

PL

Imigracja; Uchodźcy; Migracja nielegalna

• Czasopismo: Studia Ekonomiczne / Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny w Katowicach
• Rocznik: 2017
• Numer: nr 319
• Strony: 159--168

Twórcy

autor

Marta Pachocka

• Warsaw School of Economics, Poland

autor

Jan Misiuna

• Warsaw School of Economics, Poland

Bibliografia

• Anderson B., Blinder S. (2014), Briefing. Who Counts as a Migrant? Definitions and Their Consequences, The Migration Observatory, University of Oxford.
• Baker B., Rytina N. (2013), Estimates of the Unauthorized Immigrant Population Residing in the United States: January 2012, Population Estimates, March 2013, Department of Homeland Security, Office of Immigration Statistics.
• Council of Europe: Parliamentary Assembly (2006), Resolution 1509 (2006) on Human Rights of Irregular Migrants, 27.06.2006.
• European Migration Network (2014), Asylum and Migration Glossary 3.0, October 2014, http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/what-we-do/networks/european_migration_network/docs/emn-glossary-en-version.pdf (accessed: 30.09.2016).
• European Migration Network (2015), Asylum and Migration Glossary - Online Version, updated in December 2015, http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/what-we-do/networks/european_migration_network/glossary/index_a_en.htm (accessed: 30.09.2016).
• European Union (2012a), Consolidated Version of the Treaty on European Union, OJ C 326, 26.10.2012.
• European Union (2012b), Consolidated Version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, OJ C 326, 26.10.2012.
• European Union: Council of the European Union (2006), Regulation (EC) No 562/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 March 2006 Establishing a Community Code on the Rules Governing the Movement of Persons Across Borders (Schengen Borders Code), OJ L 105, 13.04.2006.
• European Union: Council of the European Union (2008), Directive 2008/115/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2008 on Common Standards and Procedures in Member States for Returning Illegally Staying Third- Country Nationals, OJ L 348, 24.12.2008.
• International Organization for Migration (2011), Glossary on Migration, Geneva.
• Migration Policy Institute (2005), Special Issue: The Unauthorized, "Migration Information Source", http://www.migrationpolicy.org/print/5193 (accessed: 30.09.2016).
• Misiuna J., Pachocka M. (2016), Can U.S. Immigration Policy Inspire Solutions to the Immigrant Challenges in the EU? "Studia Ekonomiczne. Zeszyty Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Katowicach", nr 266.
• National Public Radio (2010), Which Is Acceptable: "Undocumented" vs. "Illegal" Immigrant? 07.01.2010, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=122314131 (accessed: 30.09.2016).
• Pachocka M. (2015), The European Union and International Migration in the Early 21st Century: Facing the Migrant and Refugee Crisis in Europe [in:] E. Latoszek, M. Proczek, A. Kłos, M. Pachocka, E. Osuch-Rak (eds.), Facing the Challenges in the European Union. Re-Thinking EU Education and Research for Smart and Inclusive Growth (EuInteg), Polish European Community Studies Association - Elipsa, Warsaw.
• Pachocka M. (2017), Looking Beyond the Current Migration and Refugee Crises in Europe: A Common Policy of the EU and the Outlook for the Future - in Search of Solutions [in:] Migrations: Jean Monnet seminar 2016, European Commission, Directorate- General for Education, Youth, Sport and Culture, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.
• Pachocka M., Misiuna J. (2015), Migracje międzynarodowe - dylematy definicyjne i poznawcze. Przykłady z Unii Europejskiej i Stanów Zjednoczonych [in:] J. Osiński (ed.), Współczesny Matrix? Fikcja w życiu gospodarczym, politycznym i społecznym, Warsaw School of Economics - Publishing House, Warsaw.
• United Nations General Assembly (2000), Protocol Against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, Supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime, 15.11.2000.
• US General Accounting Office (2004), Undocumented Aliens: Questions Persist About Their Impact on Hospitals' Uncompensated Care Costs, Washington, D.C.
• [www 1] Association of State and Territorial Health Officials (Astho), Immigration Status Definitions, http://www.astho.org/Programs/Access/Immigration-Definitions/ (accessed: 30.09.2016).
• [www 2] European Commission, DG for Migration and Home Affairs (DGMHA), e-Library Glossary, http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/e-library/glossary/index_a_en.htm (accessed: 30.09.2016).
• [www 3] European Commission, DG for Migration and Home Affairs (DGMHA), Irregular Migration & Return, http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/home-affairs/what-wedo/policies/irregular-migration-return-policy/index_en.htm (accessed: 30.09.2016).
• [www 4] Internal Revenue Service (IRS), Immigration Terms and Definitions Involving Aliens, https://www.irs.gov/individuals/international-taxpayers/immigration-termsand-definitions-involving-aliens (accessed: 30.09.2016).
• [www 5] The Electronic Code of Federal Regulations (e-CFR), Title 8 - Aliens and Nationality, https://www.uscis.gov/ilink/docView/SLB/HTML/SLB/0-0-0-1/0-0-0-11261/0-0-0-28757/0-0-0-28770.html (accessed: 30.09.2016).
• [www 6] The United Nations Terminology Database (UNTERM), https://unterm.un.org/UNTERM/portal/welcome (accessed: 30.09.2016).