Charcoal kilns as a source of data on the past iron industry (an example from the River Czarna valley, Central Poland)

• Autorzy: Paweł Rutkiewicz , Ireneusz Malik , Małgorzata Wistuba , Agata Sady
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Charcoal was the primary fuel used for iron smelting and processing until the end of the 19th century. It was produced through burning piles of wood called charcoal kilns. The aim of the study was to identify and record traces of charcoal kilns related to past ironworks in the valley of the River Czarna (Małopolska Upland, Central Poland). Detailed analysis was conducted in areas adjacent to historical centres of iron processing in Maleniec, Kołoniec and Machory. A quantitative analysis of the traces of charcoal kilns in the topography was done based on DEM from airborne LiDAR. Soil profiles were analysed at the sites where traces of charcoal kilns were identified from DEM. Radiocarbon dating and palaeobotanical analyses were performed for selected charcoal from kiln remnants. In the study area we identified over 11,500 charcoal kilns. The radiocarbon age of these charcoals indicate that the charcoal kilns under study were used in the 15th, 18th and 19th century. Thus the results suggest that the iron industry in the studied area is c 100 years older than the historical written sources indicate. Palaeobotanical analyses show that coniferous trees were used for charcoal production. The large number of traces of charcoal kilns and their wide spatial distribution indicate that past charcoal production has had a significant impact on the environment and landscape change in the River Czarna valley and adjacent areas(original abstract)

Słowa kluczowe

EN

Archaeology; History; Iron metallurgy; Topography

PL

Archeologia; Historia; Hutnictwo żelaza; Topografia

• Czasopismo: Environmental & Socio-economic Studies
• Rocznik: 2017
• Tom: 5
• Numer: nr 3
• Strony: 12--22

Twórcy

autor

Paweł Rutkiewicz

• University of Silesia in Katowice, Sosnowiec, Poland

autor

Ireneusz Malik

• University of Silesia in Katowice, Sosnowiec, Poland

autor

Małgorzata Wistuba

• University of Silesia in Katowice, Sosnowiec, Poland

autor

Agata Sady

Bibliografia

• Bakuła K., Ostrowski W., Zapłata R. 2014. Automatyzacja w procesie detekcji obiektów archeologicznych z danych ALS. FPP, 19: 189-206.
• Bal M.C., Allée P., Liard M. 2015. The origins of a Nardus stricta grassland through soil charcoal analyses: Reconstructing the history of a mountain cultural landscape (Mont Lozère, France) since the Neolithic. Quat. Int., 366: 3-14.
• Bielenin K. 1960. Badania nad starożytnym hutnictwem świętokrzyskim w 1958 r. Mat. Archeol. II. Muzeum Archeol. w Krakowie, Kraków.
• Borchard N., Ladd B., Eschemann S., Hegenberg D., Möseler B.M., Amelung W. 2014. Black carbon and soil properties at historical charcoal production sites in Germany. "Geoderma", 232: 236-242.
• Chłopek M. 2015a. Maleniecka fabryka żelaza: infrastruktura i wyposażenie na przestrzeni wieków. bp. [in:] Zbiory ZZH w Maleńcu. Maleniec.
• Chłopek M. 2015b. Surowizna, łańcuchy, gwoździe i łopaty... wyroby i produkty wytwarzane w dobrach Ruda Maleniecka (XVIII-XIX w.). bp. [in:] Zbiory ZZH w Maleńcu. Maleniec.
• Chłopek M. 2015c. Warunki naturalne i przyrodnicze do rozwoju metalurgii i hutnictwa w okolicach Rudy Malenieckiej (XVIII-XX w.). bp. [in:] Zbiory ZZH w Maleńcu. Maleniec.
• Chrzanowski W. 1859. Karta dawnej Polski, 1:300 000.
• Deforce K., Boeren I., Adriaenssens S., Bastiaens J., De Keersmaeker L., Haneca K., Vandekerkhove K. 2013. Selective woodland exploitation for charcoal production. A detailed analysis of charcoal kiln remains (ca. 1300-1900 AD) from Zoersel (northern Belgium). "Journal of Archaeological Science", 40 (1): 681-689.
• Delhon C., Moreau C., Magnin F., Howarth L. 2017. Rotten posts and selected fuel: Charcoal analysis of the first Middle Neolithic village identified in Provence (Cazan-Le Clos du Moulin, Vernègues, Bouches-du-Rhône, South of France). Quat. Int., (in press).
• Dupin A., Girardclos O., Fruchart C., Laplaige C., Nuninger L., Dufraisse A., Gauthier E. 2017. Anthracology of charcoal kilns in the forest of Chailluz (France) as a tool to understand Franche-Comte forestry from the mid-15th to the early 20th century AD. Quat. Int., (in press).
• Gale R. 2003. Wood-based industrial fuels and their environmental impact in lowland Britain. [in:] Murphy P., Wiltshire P.E.J. (eds.) The Environmental Archaeology of Industry. Symp. Ass. Environ. Arch., 20. Oxbow Books, Oxford: 3047.
• Gąsiorowska N. 1937. Górnictwo i hutnictwo w Polsce. PWKS, Lwów.
• Gilly Special Karte von Südpreussen, 1:150 000, 1803.
• Goszyk E. 2001. Kartki z dziejów żelaznego Bruśka. Brusiek.
• Groenewoudt B. 2007. Charcoal burning and landscape dynamics in the Early Medieval Netherlands, in Arts and Crafts in Medieval Rural Environment." Brepols Pub."., 6: 327-337.
• Herbst S. 1951. Walcownia w Maleńcu. "Ochrona Zabytków", 3-4: 119-126.
• Hesse R. 2010. LiDAR-derived Local Relief Models a new tool for archaeological prospection. "Archaeol. Prospect.", 17: 67-72.
• Kalinowski P. 2015. Dzieje wioski Kuczów. Kalety.
• Knapp H., Robin V., Kirleis W., Nelle O. 2013. Woodland history in the upper Harz Mountains revealed by kiln site, soil sediment and peat charcoal analyses. "Quat. Int.", 289: 88-100.
• Kokalj Ž., K., Zakšek K., Oštir K. 2011. Application of Sky - View Factor for the Visualization of Historic Landscape Features in Lidar - Derived Relief Models. "Antiquity", 85 (327): 263-273.
• Kondracki J. 2000. Geografia regionalna polski. PWN, Warszawa.
• Kubicki R., Saletra W. 2013. Hutnictwo i górnictwo w regionie świętokrzyskim - do Księstwa Warszawskiego. "SiM Miscellanea Oeconomicae", 17 (2): 29-40.
• Ludemann T. 2002. Anthracology and forest sites - the contribution of charcoal analysis to our knowledge of natural forest vegetation in south-west Germany. BAR Int. Series, 1063: 209-217
• Ludemann T. 2003. Large-scale reconstruction of ancient forest vegetation by anthracology-a contribution from the Black Forest. "Phytocoenologia", 33 (4): 645-666.
• Ludemann T. 2010. Past fuel wood exploitation and natural forest vegetation in the Black Forest, the Vosges and neighbouring regions in western Central Europe. Palaeogeogr. "Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol"., 291 (1/2): 154-165.
• Ludemann T. 2011. Scanning the historical and scientific significance of charcoal production - local scale, high resolution kiln site anthracology at the landscape level. SAGVNTVM Extra, 11: 23-24.
• Ludemann T. 2012. Airborn laser scanning of historical wood charcoal production sites - a new tool of kiln site anthracology at the landscape level. SAGVNTVM Extra, 13: 247-252.
• Ludemann T. Michiels H.G., Nölken W. 2004. Spatial patterns of past wood exploitation, natural wood supply and growth conditions: indications of natural tree species distribution by anthracological studies of charcoal-burning remains. "European Journal of Forest Research.", 123: 283-292
• Malik I., Opała M., Wistuba M., Franek M., Tyrol C., Manczyk G., Bielarczyk P. 2014. Rekonstrukcja funkcjonowania historycznego hutnictwa żelaza na podstawie datowania dendrochronologicznego pozostałości budowli drewnianych i węgli drzewnych z mielerzy (Równina Opolska). SiM CEPL, 16 (3 [40])
• Malik I., Wistuba M., Opała M., Franek M., Woskowicz-Ślęzak B., Mańczyk G., Tyrol C. 2015. Historical water-powered ferrous metallurgy reconstructed from tree-rings and lacustrine deposits (Mała Panew basin, southern Poland). "Geochronometria", 42: 79-90.
• Marszałek E., Kusiak W. 2013. Wypał węgla drzewnego w Bieszczadach w przeszłości i obecnie. "Roczniki Bieszczadzkie", 1(21): 164-183.
• Mayoral A., Toumazet J.P., Simon F.X., Vautier F., Peiry J.L. 2017. The Highest Gradient Model: A New Method for Analytical Assessment of the Efficiency of LiDAR-Derived Visualization Techniques for Landform Detection and Mapping. "Remote Sens.", 9: 1-120.
• Nelle O. 2003. Woodland history of the last 500 years revealed by anthracological studies of charcoal kiln sites in the Bavarian Forest, Germany. "Phytocoenologia", 33 (4): 667-682.
• Orłowski M. 1931. Żelazny przemysł hutniczy na ziemiach polskich do r. 1914. Warszawa.
• Paschalis J. 1973. O węglach do hut i kuźnic. "Sylwan", 1: 41-46.
• Raab A., Takla M., Raab T., Nicolay A., Schneider A., Rösler H., Bönisch E. 2015. Pre-industrial charcoal production in Lower Lusatia (Brandenburg, Germany): Detection and evaluation of a large charcoal-burning field by combining archaeological studies, GIS-based analyses of shaded-relief maps and dendrochronological age determination. Quat. Int., 367: 111-122.
• Radwan M.W. 1963. Rudy, kuźnice i huty żelaza w Polsce. W. Naukowo-Techniczne
• Rajman J. 2009. Dzieje hutnictwa żelaza na środkową Małą Panwią. [in:] Szulc J. (ed.) Z biegiem Małej Panwi z biegiem lat. Żędowice-Kraków: 94-103.
• Rösler H., Bönisch E., Schopper F., Raab T., Raab A. 2012. Pre-industrial charcoal production in southern Brandenburg and its impact on the environment. [in:] Kluiving S.J., Guttmann-Bond E.B. (eds.) Landscape Archaeology between Art and Science. From a Multi- to an Interdisciplinary Approach: 167-178.
• Schoch W.H. 2012. Information content of Anthracology. SAGVNTVM Extra, 13: 259-267.
• Schwiengruber F.H. 1978. Mikroskopische Holzanatomie. Eidgenössische Anstalt für das forstliche Versuchswesen. Kommissionsverlag Zürcher AG, Zug.
• Szczegółowa mapa geologiczna Polski 1:50 000 I. Jurkiewicz 1965. Arkusz Radoszyce.
• Szczegółowa mapa geologiczna Polski 1:50 000 R. Krajewski 1955. Arkusz Odrowąż.
• Tolksdorf J. F., Elburg R., Schröder F., Knapp H., Herbig C., Westphal T., Hemker C. 2015. Forest exploitation for charcoal production and timber since the 12th century in an intact medieval mining site in the Niederpöbel Valley (Erzgebirge, Eastern Germany). "Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports," 4: 487-500.
• Trier Ø.D., Zortea M., Larsen S.Ø. 2012. Semi-automatic detection of burial mounds in forested areas [in:] Perakis K.G., Moysiadis A.K. (eds.) European Association of Remote Sensing Laboratories. 32nd EARSeL Symp. Proc. Adv. Geosci., Mykonos Island, Greece: 113-124.
• Tyrol C. 2006. W leśnej dolinie Małej Panwi (In the woody valley of the Mała Panew River). Zespół Pieśni i Tańca "Śląsk" im. Stanisława Hadyny, Koszęcin.
• Zapłata R., Borowski M. 2013. GIS w archeologii-przykład prospekcji i inwentaryzacji dziedzictwa archeologiczno-przemysłowego." Rocz. Geom.", 11.4 (61): 103-112.
• Zapłata R., Szady B., Stereńczak K. 2014. Laserowi odkrywcy: nieinwazyjne badanie i dokumentowanie obiektów archeologicznych i historycznych województwa święto-krzyskiego. Fund. Centrum Geohistorii, Stare Babice
• Zientara B. 1954. Dzieje małopolskiego hutnictwa żelaznego: 14-17 wiek. PWN, Warszawa.