Innovation and Entrepreneurship Policies and Gender Equity

• Autorzy: Barbara Liberda , Olga Zajkowska

Warianty tytułu

Polityki dotyczące innowacji i przedsiębiorczości a równość płci

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Background. Gender inequality hinders economic growth by lowering the pool of potential talents for production, through distorted access of one gender to education, employment, entrepreneurship, and creation of innovation. Research on policies on entrepreneurship, innovation and gender is of great importance for deciding on the best policy mix to diminish losses of welfare due to gender inequality.
Research aims. The aim of this paper is to examine how the policies towards innovation and entrepreneurship in Europe address the issue of gender equality. The question we put is whether entrepreneurship-targeting and innovation-targeting policies are gender-oriented, gender-neutral, or gender-indirect-discriminating.
Methodology. Our focus is on the intersection of the areas of innovations, entrepreneurship, and gender. We analyse models of innovation systems: National Innovation Systems, Tripple Helix, and Quadruple Helix Models and discuss if they address gender equality in innovations.
Key findings. We claim that a gender perspective is missing in policies towards innovation and entrepreneurship. Innovation policies in Europe target mostly male-dominated industries. The paper concludes that science-based policies on entrepreneurship and innovation should incorporate gender equality as their structural feature. (original abstract)

Tło badań. Nierówności ze względu na płeć hamują wzrost gospodarczy zmniejszając pulę potencjalnych talentów poprzez hamowanie dostępu jednej płci do edukacji, zatrudnienia, przedsiębiorczości i tworzenia innowacji. Badania nad politykami dotyczącymi przedsiębiorczości, innowacji i płci mają ogromne znaczenie dla wyboru najlepszej kombinacji polityk w celu zmniejszenia strat dobrobytu wynikających z nierówności płci.
Cel badań. Celem niniejszej pracy jest zbadanie, w jaki sposób polityki odnoszące się do innowacji i przedsiębiorczości w Europie podejmują kwestię równości płci. Pytanie, które stawiamy, to: czy polityki dotyczące przedsiębiorczości i innowacji są ukierunkowane na równość płci, neutralne pod względem płci, czy pośrednio dyskryminujące ze względu na płeć?
Metodyka. Skupiamy się na wspólnym obszarze obejmującym innowacje, przedsiębiorczość i równość płci. Analizujemy modele systemów innowacji: Narodowe Systemy Innowacji, Modele Potrójnej Helisy i Poczwórnej Helisy, i omawiamy, czy podejmują one kwestie równości płci w innowacjach.
Kluczowe wnioski. Twierdzimy, że w politykach odnoszących się do innowacji i przedsiębiorczości brakuje perspektywy płci. Polityki dotyczące innowacji w Europie nakierowane są na gałęzie przemysłu z przewagą mężczyzn w zatrudnieniu. Konkludujemy, że polityki w zakresie przedsiębiorczości i innowacji, oparte na naukowych dowodach, powinny uwzględniać równość płci jako swoją cechę strukturalną. (abstrakt oryginalny)

Słowa kluczowe

EN

Politics; Entrepreneurship; Innovations; Gender inequality; National innovation system

PL

Polityka; Przedsiębiorczość; Innowacje; Nierówność płci; Narodowy system innowacji

• Czasopismo: International Journal of Contemporary Management
• Rocznik: 2017
• Tom: 16
• Numer: nr 1
• Strony: 37--59

Twórcy

autor

Barbara Liberda

• University of Warsaw, Poland

autor

Olga Zajkowska

• Warsaw University of Life Sciences

Bibliografia

• Ahl, H. (2006). Why research on women entrepreneurs needs new directions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 30(5), 595-621.
• Aidis, R., Estrin, S. & Mickiewicz, T. (2010). Institutions, finance and the level of development: the impact on entrepreneurship in transition. Review of economics and institutions, 1(1), 1-26.
• Alsos, G.A., Ljunggren, E. & Hytti U. (2013). Gender and innovation: state of the art and a research agenda. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 5(3), 236-256.
• Anand, S., Knack, S., Young, L. & Azfar, O. (2001). Gender and corruption. Journal of Development Economics, 64(1), 25-55.
• Barbosa, N. & Faria, A.P. (2011). Innovation across Europe: how important are institutional differences? Research Policy, 40(9), 1157-1169.
• BarNir, A. (2012). Starting technologically innovative ventures: reasons, human capital, and gender. Management Decision, 50(3), 399-419.
• Bergek, A., Jacobsson, S., Carlsson, B., Lindmark, S. & Rickne, A. (2008). Analyzing the functional dynamics of technological innovation systems: a scheme of analysis. Research Policy, 37(3), 407-429.
• Berglund, K., Gunnarsson, E., & Sundin, E. (2012). Promoting Innovation: Policies, Practices and Procedures. Stockholm: Vinnova.
• Blake, M.K. & Hanson, S. (2005). Rethinking innovation: context and gender. Environment and Planning A, 37(4), 681-701.
• Borrás, S. & Edquist, Ch. (2013). The choice of innovation policy instruments. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 80(8), 1513-1522.
• Bosma, N., Wennekers, S. & Amorós, J.E. (2012). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, 2011 Extended Report: Entrepreneurs and Entrepreneurial Employees across the Globe. London: Global Entrepreneurship Research Association (GERA).
• Bradley, S.R., Gicheva, D., Hassell, L. & Albert N. (2013). Gender Differences in Access to Private Investment Funding to Support the Development of New Technologies. Working Paper, 13-9. University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Department of Economics.
• Busolt, U. & Kugele, K. (2009). The gender innovation and research productivity gap in Europe. International Journal of Innovation and Sustainable Development, 4(2/3), 109.
• Buvinic, M. & Furst-Nichols, R. (2014). Promoting Women's Economic Empowerment: What Works? WPS7087. The World Bank.
• Carlsson, B., Jacobsson, S., Holmén, M., & Rickne, A., (2002). Innovation systems: analytical and methodological issues. Research Policy, Innovation Systems, 31(2), 233-245.
• Chowdhury, F. & Audretsch, D. (2014). Institution as looting apparatus: impact of gender equality and institutions on female entrepreneurship. Eurasian Business Review, 4(2), 207-225.
• Communication from the Commission of 17 February 1999, Women and Science: Mobilizing Women to Enrich European Research.
• Craig, A., Fisher, J. & Lang C. (2007). ICT and Girls: The Need for a Large Scale Intervention Programme. ACIS 2007 Proceedings, 36.
• Cuberes, D. & Teignier, M. (2016). Aggregate effects of gender gaps in the labor market: A quantitative estimate. Journal of Human Capital, 10(1), 1-32.
• Dahlstrand, A.L. & Stevenson, L. (2010). Innovative entrepreneurship policy: linking innovation and entrepreneurship in a European context. Annals of Innovation & Entrepreneurship, 1(1), 1-15.
• Danilda, I. (2011). Innovation and Gender. Stockholm: Vinnova.
• DeTienne, D.R., & Chandler G.N. (2007). The role of gender in opportunity identification. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 31(3), 365-386.
• Dollar, D.G. (1999). Gender Inequality, Income, and Growth: Are Good Times Good for Women? WP20771. The World Bank.
• Duflo, E. (2012). Women empowerment and economic development. Journal of Economic Literature, 50(4), 1051-1079.
• Esteve-Volart, B. (2000). Sex discrimination and growth. IMF Working Paper, 00/84. International Monetary Fund.
• Esteve-Volart, B. (2004). Gender Discrimination and Growth: Theory and Evidence from India. STICERD - Development Economics Papers - LSE.
• Estrin, S. & Mickiewicz, T. (2011). Institutions and female entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 37(4), 397-415.
• ETAN (2000). Report on Women and Science: Science Policies in the European Union: Promoting Excellence through Mainstreaming Gender Equality.
• Etzkowitz, H. & Leydesdorff, L. (2000). The dynamics of innovation: from national systems and 'Mode 2' to a Triple Helix of University-industry-government relations. Research Policy, 29(2), 109-123.
• Fagenson, E.A. (1990). At the heart of women in management research: Theoretical and methodological approaches and their biases. Journal of Business Ethics, 9(4-5), 267-274.
• Fagerberg, J. (2004). Innovation: A Guide to the Literature. In: J. Fagerberg, D. Mowery & R. Nelson (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Innovation (pp. 1-26). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Fagerberg, J. (2015). Innovation Policy, National Innovation Systems and Economic Performance: In: Search of a Useful Theoretical Framework. Working Papers on Innovation Studies, 20150321. Centre for Technology, Innovation and Culture, University of Oslo.
• Fagerberg, J. & Verspagen, B. (2009). Innovation studies - the emerging structure of a new scientific field. Research Policy, 38(2), 218-233.
• Farr-Wharton, R. & Brunetto, Y. (2007). Women entrepreneurs, opportunity recognition and government-sponsored business networks: A social capital perspective. Women in Management Review, 22(3), 187-207.
• Fogelberg Eriksson, A. (2014). A Gender perspective as trigger and facilitator of innovation. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 6(2), 163-180.
• Fossen, F.M. (2012). Gender differences in entrepreneurial choice and risk aversion - a decomposition based on a microeconometric model. Applied Economics, 44(14), 1795-1812.
• Frietsch, R., Haller, I., Funken-Vrohlings, M. & Grupp, H. (2009). Gender-specific patterns in patenting and publishing. Research Policy, 38(4), 590-599.
• Gender and Excellence in the Making (2004). European Commission.
• Gendered Innovations How Gender Analysis Contributes to Research (2013). Directorate General for Research & Innovation EUR 25848 Report of the Expert Group Innovation through Gender.
• Gicheva, D. & Albert N. (2011). Leveraging entrepreneurship through private investments: does gender matter? Small Business Economics, 40(2), 199-210.
• Guan, J. & Chen K. (2012). Modeling the relative efficiency of national innovation systems. Research Policy, 41(1), 102-115.
• Hausmann, R. (2014). Gender Gap Report 2014.
• Hessels, J., Gelderen, M. & Thurik, R. (2008). Entrepreneurial aspirations, motivations, and their drivers. Small Business Economics, 31(3), 323-339.
• Hsieh, Ch.-T., Hurst, E., Jones, Ch.I. & Klenow, P.J. (2013). The allocation of talent and U.S. economic growth. Working Paper, 18693. National Bureau of Economic Research.
• Hunt, J., Garant, J.-P., Herman, H. & Munroe, D.J. (2013). Why are women underrepresented amongst patentees? Research Policy (Elsevier), 42(4), 831-843.
• International Monetary Fund (2013). Women, Work, and the Economy: Macroeconomic Gains From Gender Equity. IMF Staff Discussion Note.
• Jovanovic, B. (1994). Firm formation with heterogeneous management and labour skills. Small Business Economics, 6(3), 185-191.
• Klapper, L.F., & Parker, S.C. (2011). Gender and the business environment for new firm creation. World Bank Research Observer, 26(2), 237-257.
• Klasen, S. (2002). Low schooling for girls, slower growth for all? Cross-country evidence on the effect of gender inequality in education on economic development. The World Bank Economic Review, 16(3), 345-373.
• Klasen, S. & Lamanna, F. (2009). The impact of gender inequality in education and employment on economic growth: new evidence for a panel of countries. Feminist Economics, 15(3), 91-132.
• Kvidal, T. & Ljunggren, E. (2014). Introducing gender in a policy programme: a multilevel analysis of an innovation policy programme. Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 32(1), 39-53.
• Lindberg, M. (2010). Doing gender in Sweden's innovation policy when transforming academic theory into regional practice. Equality, Growth and Sustainability Do They Mix?, 65.
• Lindberg, M. (2014). From exclusion to inclusion in public innovation support? Innovative practices in bottom-up networks. Scandinavian Journal of Public Administration, 18(4), 91-107.
• Lindberg, M., Lindgren, M. & Packendorff, J. (2014). Quadruple Helix as a way to bridge the gender gap in entrepreneurship: the case of an innovation system project in the Baltic Sea Region. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 5(1), 94-113.
• Littunen, H. (2000). Entrepreneurship and the characteristics of the entrepreneurial personality. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 6(6), 295-310.
• Ljunggren, E., Alsos, G.A., Amble, N., Ervik, R., Kvidal, T. & Wiik, R. (2010). Gender and innovation. Learning from regional VRI-projects. NF-report, 2, 2010.
• Lucas, R.E. (1978). On the size distribution of business firms. Bell Journal of Economics, 9(2), 508-523.
• Lundvall, B.-A., Johnson, B., Sloth Andersen, E. & Dalum, B. (2002). National systems of production. Innovation and Competence Building. Research Policy, Innovation Systems, 31(2), 213-231.
• Maddox, B., Mcelheny, V.K. (2003). Rosalind Franklin: The dark lady of DNA. Journal of the History of Biology, 36(3), 591-597.
• Minniti, M., Arenius, P. & Langowitz, N. (2005). Global Entrepreneurship Monitor: 2004 Report on women and entrepreneurship. Centre for women's leadership at Babson College. London: London Business School.
• Morris, M.H., Miyasaki, N.N., Watters, C.E. & Coombes, S.M. (2006). The dilemma of growth: understanding venture size choices of women entrepreneurs. Journal of Small Business Management, 44(2), 221-244.
• Nählinder, J. (2010). Where are all the female innovators? Nurses as innovators in a public sector innovation. Journal of Technology Management & Innovation, 5(1), 13-29.
• Nählinder, J., Tillmar, M. & Wigren, C. (2015). Towards a gender-aware understanding of innovation: a three-dimensional route. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 7(1), 66-86.
• Nählinder, J., Tillmar, M. & Wigren-Kristoffersson, C. (2012). Are Female and Male Entrepreneurs Equally Innovative? Reducing the Gender Bias of Operationalisations and Industries. In: S. Andersson, K. Berglund, E. Gunnarsson & E. Sundin (eds.), Promoting Innovation: Policies, Practices and Procedures (pp. 66-86). Vinnova Report 2012:08.
• OECD and Eurostat (2005). Oslo Manual. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
• OECD (2006). Economic Policy Reforms: Going for Growth. OECD Publishing, Paris.
• Pettersson, K. (2007). Men and Male as the Norm?: A Gender Perspective on Innovation Policies in Denmark, Finland and Sweden. Nordregio.
• Powell, G.N., Butterfield, D.A. & Parent, J.D. (2002). Gender and managerial stereotypes: have the times changed? Journal of Management, 28(2), 177-193.
• Promoting Innovation - Vinnova (2015). [Online] Retrieved from: http://www.vinnova.se/en/Publications-and-events/Publications/Products/Promoting-Innovation/ (access: 19.06.2016).
• Reindustrialising Europe Member States' Competitiveness Report 2014 SWD(2014) 278.
• Rosen, S. (1982). Authority, control, and the distribution of earnings. Bell Journal of Economics, 13(2), 311-323.
• Rost, K. (2011). The strength of strong ties in the creation of innovation. Research Policy, 40(4), 588-604.
• Roy, A.D. (1951). Some thoughts on the distribution of earnings. Oxford Economic Papers, New Series, 3(2), 135-146.
• Ruest-Archambault, E. (2008). Benchmarking Policy Measures for Gender Equality in Science. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
• Samson, A.E.S. (2006). Gender and Science, Technology, and Innovation. UNCTAD Current Studies on Science, Technology and Innovation, No. 5.
• Sauer, R.M. & Wilson, T. (2015). The Rise of Female Entrepreneurs: New Evidence on Gender Differences in Liquidity Constraints. IZA Discussion Paper 8981. Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA).
• Schein, V.E. (2007). Women in management: reflections and projections. Women in Management Review, 22(1), 6-18.
• Schiebinger, L. & Schraudner, M. (2011). Interdisciplinary approaches to achieving gendered innovations in science, medicine, and engineering. Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, 36(2).
• She Figures (2012). European Commission.
• Sime, R.L. (1996). Lise Meitner: A Life in Physics. California Studies in the History of Science. Berkeley: University of California Press.
• Thévenon, O., Nabil, A., Adema, W. & Salvi del Pero, A. (2012). Effects of Reducing Gender Gaps in Education and Labour Force Participation on Economic Growth in the OECD. OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers. Paris: OECD.
• Turner, L. (2009). Gender diversity and innovative performance. International Journal of Innovation and Sustainable Development, 4(2-3), 123-134.
• UN Report: Innovation and Women's Entrepreneurship: An Exploration of Current Knowledge, Presented to United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Prepared by Womenable, Final Draft, May 2010.
• Whittington, K.B. (2011). Mothers of invention? Gender, motherhood, and new dimensions of productivity in the science profession. Work and Occupations, 38(3), 417-456.
• Women and Science. Mobilising women to enrich European research COM(99)76 final.
• World Bank (2001). Engendering Development. Washington, DC: World Bank.
• World Bank (2011). World Development Report 2012. Gender Equality and Development. Washington, DC: World Bank.
• Yi, Y.-A. (1996). Margaret G. Reid: life and achievements. Feminist Economics, 2(3), 17-36.

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.4467/24498939IJCM.17.002.7046