Czasopismo
Tytuł artykułu
Warianty tytułu
Języki publikacji
Abstrakty
Perceptual studies on the environment and natural resources are important, if unsustainable use of these resources is to be abated. This paper unravels the hitherto unknown drivers of deforestation and/or forest degradation, and the causes of climate variability and change (CVC), by assessing their synergy based on participants self-reported cases in the Ejisu-Juaben Municipality, Ashanti Region, Ghana. Drawing on the criterion and simple random sampling techniques to sample 360 respondents from 4 different communities and adopting the empiricist paradigm to derive trends and patterns in responses, this study demonstrated the bi-directional association between forest degradation and climate change. Results suggested that participants across the various socio-economic status fields were adequately informed, and knowledgeable about changes in climatic variables. Participants' perceived the loss of forest, extinction of tree species and changing forest to savanna lands as indications of deforestation. Respondents with basic education and/or high school education adequately predicted that CVC factors influence decisions regarding forest removal compared with the uneducated. Removing one hectare of vegetation cover change per year (being it an increase or decrease in the area) (1 ha/year+/-/) or about three hectares (3 ha/year+/-), at a rate of 60%, and forest cover at rates of 57% were perceived as significant drivers of CVC. In recommendation, policies targeted at reducing forest degradation and deforestation and contributing to the fight against CVC in the Municipality should henceforth take into consideration the opinions of the indigenes in addition to scientific evidence in order to ensure the effectiveness of such policies.(original abstract)
Czasopismo
Rocznik
Tom
Numer
Strony
40--56
Opis fizyczny
Twórcy
autor
autor
autor
autor
autor
Bibliografia
- Abbiw D. 1990. Useful plants of Ghana: West African uses of wild and cultivated plants. Intermediate Tech. Publ., London.Google Scholar
- Agrawal A., Gibson C. 1999. Enchantment and disenchantment: The role of community in natural resource conservation. World Dev., 27(4): 629-649.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
- Alston L.J., Libecap G.C., Muller B. 2000. Land reform policies, the sources of violent conflict, and implications for deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. J. Environ. Econ. Manag. 39: 162-188. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jeem.1999.1103.Crossref
- Anderson J., Benjamin C., Campell B., Tiveau D. 2006. Forests, poverty and equity in Africa: new perspectives on policy and practice. Int. For. Rev., 8(1): 44-53.Google Scholar
- Andreae M.O., Rosenfeld D., Artaxo P., Costa A.A., Frank G.P., Longo K.M., Silva-Dias M.A. 2004. Smoking rain clouds over the Amazon. Science, 303(5662): 1337-42.Google Scholar
- Angelsen A. 2008. Moving Ahead with REDD: Issues, Options and Implications. Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor, Indonesia.Google Scholar
- Appiah M. 2001. Co-partnership in forest management: The Gwira-Banso joint forest management project in Ghana. Environ. Dev. Sustain., 3(4): 343-360.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
- Appiah M., Blay D., Damnyag L., Dwomoh F.K., Pappinen A., Luukkanen O. 2009. Dependence on forest resources and tropical deforestation in Ghana. Environ. Dev. Sustain., 11: 471-487. DOI: 10.1007/s10668-007-9125-0.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
- Arizpe L., Paz F. Velásquez M. 1993. Cultura y cambio global: percepciones sociales sobre la deforestación en la Selva Lacandona. Centro Regional de Investigaciones Multi disciplinarias-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/Porrúa, MéxicoGoogle Scholar
- Armiger B. 1997. Ethics in Nursing Research: Profile, Principles, Perspective. Nursing Research, 26 (5): 330-333.Google Scholar
- Asner G.P., Powell G.V.N., Mascaro J., Knapp D.E., Clark J.K., Jacobson J., Kennedy-Bowdoin T., Balaji A., Paez Acosta G., Victoria E., Secada L., Valqui M., Hughes R.F. 2010. High-resolution forest carbon stocks and emissions in the Amazon. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 107(38). DOI:/10.1073/pnas.1004875107.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
- Asubonteng K. 2007. Identification of land use/cover transfer hotspots in the Ejisu-Juabeng District, Ghana. Thesis submitted to the International Institute for Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation in partial fulfillment of a Master in Science. Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology.Google Scholar
- Athula S., Scarborough H. 2011. Coping with climatic variability by rain-fed farmers in dry zone. [In:] Proc. 55th Conf. Sri Lanka: Towards Understanding Adaptation to Climate Change. Melbourne: 8-11.Google Scholar
- Ayers M.J., Huq S. 2008. The value of linking mitigation and adaptation: A case study of Bangladesh. Environ. Manag., 43: 753-764.Google Scholar
- Baatuuwie N.B., Le Q.B., Agyare A.W., Forkuo K.E. 2017. Communities' Perceptions of Land Degradation: A Case Study in the Savanna Belt of the White Volta Basin. Int. J. Dev., 3, 2: 32-50.Google Scholar
- Baccini A., Goetz S.J., Walker W.S., Laporte N.T., Sun M., Sulla-Menashe D., Hackler J., Beck P.S.A., Dubayah R., Friedl M.A., Samanta S., Houghton R.A. 2012. Estimated carbon dioxide emissions from tropical deforestation improved by carbon-density maps. Nature Climate Change, 2. DOI: 10.1038/NCLIMATE1354.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
- Baker T.R., Phillips O.L., Malhi Y., Almeida S., Arroyo L., Di Fiore A., Erwin T., Higuchi N., Killeen T.J., Laurance S.G., Laurance W.F., Lewis S.L., Monteagudo A., Neill D.A., Vargas P.N., Pitman N.C., Silva J.N., Martínez R.V. 2004. Increasing biomass in Amazonian forest plots. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci., 359(1443): 353-65.Google Scholar
- Bala G., Caldeira K., Wickett M., Phillips T.J, Lobell D.B., Delire C., Mirin A. 2007. Combined climate and carbon-cycle effects of large-scale deforestation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104(16): 6550-6555. DOI:10.1073/pnas.0608998104.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
- Beauchamp T.L., Childres J.F. 2001. Principles of Biomedical ethics. 5th ed., Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
- Bendorf R., Federici S., Forner C., Pena N., Rametsteiner E., Sanz M., Somogyi Z. 2007. Including land use, land-use change and forestry in future climate change agreements: thinking outside the box. Environ. Sci. Policy, 10: 283-94.Google Scholar
- Bernard H.R. 2002. Research methods in anthropology: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. 3rd ed. Walnut Creek, CA: Alta Mira Press.Google Scholar
- Betts R.A., Cox P.M., Collins M., Harris P.P., Huntingford C., Jones C.D. 2004. The role of ecosystem-atmosphere interactions in simulated Amazonian precipitation decrease and forest dieback under global climate warming. Theor. Appl. Clim., 78, 157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-004-0050-y.Crossref
- Blay D., Appiah M., Damnyag L., Dwomoh F.K., Luukkanen O., Pappinen A. 2007. Involving local farmers in rehabilitation of degraded tropical forests: Some lessons from Ghana. Environ. Dev. Sustain. Springer. DOI:10.1007/s10668-006-9077-9.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
- Boucher D.H, Elias P., Lininger K., May-Tobin C., Roquemore S., Saxon E. 2011. The Root of the Problem: What's Driving Tropical Deforestation Today? Cambridge, MA: Union of Concerned Scientists.Google Scholar
- Brown H.C.A., Pentsil M.Y., Torgbor B.A., Appah J., Bosompem K.P., Frimpong Y., Gyambrah T. 2016. Ghana forest plantation strategy: 2016-2040. Minister for Lands and Natural Resources.Google Scholar
- Bureau of Integrated Rural Development. 2001. "Tropenbos Ghana Programme Research site community survey (final report), KNUST, Kumasi".Google Scholar
- Bush M.B., Silman M.R., Urrego D.H. 2004. 48,000 years of climate and forest change in a biodiversity hot spot. Science, 303(5659): 827-9.Google Scholar
- Byg A., Salick J. 2009. Local perspectives on a global phenomenon - climate change in eastern Tibetan villages. Global Environ. Change, 19: 156-166.Google Scholar
- Canadell F.G., Raupach M.R. 2008. Managing Forests for Climate Change Mitigation. Science, 320: 1456. DOI: 10.1126/science.1155458.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
- Canadell J.G., Le Quéré C., Raupach M.R., Field C.B., Buitenhuis E.T., Ciais P.F., Conway TJ., Gillett NP., Houghton H.R.A., Marland G. 2007. Contributions to accelerating atmospheric CO2 growth from economic activity, carbon intensity, and efficiency of natural sinks. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 104, 18866. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0702737104.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
- Carvalhoa T.S., Dominguesb E.P., Horridge J.M. 2017. Controlling deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon: Regional economic impacts and land-use change. Land Use Policy, 64: 327-341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.03.001.Crossref
- Chaudhary P., Bawa K.S. 2011. Local perceptions of climate change validated by scientific evidence in the Himalayas. Biology Letters, 7(5): 767-770. DOI: 1098/rsbl.2011.0269.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
- Chaudhary P., Rai S., Wangdi S., Mao A., Rehman N., Chhetri S., Bawa K.S. 2011. Consistency of local perceptions of climate change in the Kangchenjunga Himalayas landscape. Current Science, 101: 1-10.Google Scholar
- Cheng C.K.M., Chan J.C.L. 2012. Impacts of land use changes and synoptic forcing on the seasonal climate over the Pearl River Delta of China. Atm. Environ., 60: 25-36.Google Scholar
- Christensen J H et al., 2007. The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth ssessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Solomon S.D. et al.., (eds.) Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge and New York, chap. 11.Google Scholar
- Clarke J. 1991. Moral dilemmas in Nursing Research. Nursing Practice, 4(4): 22-25.Google Scholar
- Codjoe S.N.A., Owusu G. 2011. Climate change/variability and food systems: Evidence from the Afram Plains, Ghana. Reg. Environ. Change, 11: 753-765.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
- Conde C., Ferrer R.M., Gay C., Araujo R. 2004. Impactos del cambio climático en la agricultura en México. [In:] Martínez J., Fernández A. (eds) Cambio climático. Una visión desde México. Instituto Nacional de Ecología-Secretaría del Medio ambiente y Recursos Naturales, México: 227-233.Google Scholar
- Creswell J. 2003. Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publ.Google Scholar
- Dale V.H., Joyce L.A., McNulty S., Neilson R.P. 2000. The interplay between climate change, forests, and disturbances. Science Total Environ., 262: 201-204.Google Scholar
- Dale V.H., Joyce L.A., Mcnulty S., Neilson R.P., Ayres M.P., Flannigan M.D., Hanson P.J., Irland L.C., Lugo A.E., Peterson C.J., Simberloff D., Swanson F.J., Stocks B.J., Wotton B.M. 2001. Climate Change and Forest Disturbances. Bio Science, 51(9): 723-734. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1641/0006-35682001051[0723:CCAFD]2.0.CO,2.Crossref
- Damptey P., Mensah A.T. 2008. Climate Change Impacts on Women's Livelihoods. The Netherlands Climate. Assistance Programme: Accra, Ghana.Google Scholar
- Egbe C.A., Yaro M.A., Okon A.E., Bisong F.E. 2014. Rural Peoples' Perception to Climate Variability/Change in Cross River State-Nigeria. J. Sustain. Dev., 7, 2. ISSN 1913-9063 E-ISSN 1913-9071.Google Scholar
- Etikan I., Musa S.A., Alkassim R.S. 2016. Comparison of Convenience Sampling and Purposive Sampling. Am. J. Theoretical Appl. Stat., 5(1): 1-4. DOI: 10.11648/j.ajtas.20160501.11.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
- FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization) 2005. FAO Statistical database 2005 available at http://faostat.fao.org/.
- FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) 2007. Adaptation to Climate Change in Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries: Perspective, Framework and Priorities, FAO Inter-Departmental Working Group on Climate Change: Rome, Italy.Google Scholar
- FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) 2009. The State of Food Insecurity in the World 2008, Rome, Italy.Google Scholar
- FAO Global Forest Resource Assessment 2005. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 2006.Google Scholar
- Fergusson H.B. 2009. REDD in Madagascar: An Overview of Progress, Independent Report, 5th November 2009. http://www.mwc-info.net/en/services/Journal_PDF's/Issue4-2/MCD_2009_vol4_iss2_REDD_Supplementary_Material.pdf
- Ferraro P.J. 2002. The local costs of establishing protected areas in low-income nations: Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar. Ecol. Econ., 43(2-3): 261-275.Google Scholar
- Fisher R.J. 1995. Collaborative management of forest for conservation and development issues in forest conservation. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.Google Scholar
- Ford L., Reutter L. 1990. Ethical dilemmas associated with small samples. J. Adv. Nursing, 15: 187-191.Google Scholar
- Fouka G., Mantzorou M. 2011. What are the Major Ethical Issues in Conducting Research? Is there a Conflict between the Research Ethics and the Nature of Nursing? Health Sci. J., 5, 1.Google Scholar
- Franklin J F et al. 1992. Effects of global Climatic Change on forests in northwestern North America. [In:] Peters R.L., Lovejoy T.E. (eds). The Consequences of the Greenhouse Effect for Biological Diversity. Yale University Press, New Haven (CT): 244-257.Google Scholar
- Geist H., Lambin E. 2001. What drives tropical deforestation? A meta-analysis of proximate and underlying causes of deforestation based on subnational case study evidence Land-Use and Land-Cover Change (LUCC) Project. International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP), LUCC Report Series: 4.Google Scholar
- Gibbs H.K., Brown S., Niles J.O., Foley J.A. 2007. Monitoring and estimating tropical forest carbon stocks: making REDD a reality. Environ. Res. Lett., 2, 045023. DOI:10.1088/1748-9326/2/4/045023.Google Scholar
- Green D., Billy J., Tapim L. 2010. Indigenous Australians' knowledge of weather and climate. Clim. Change, 100: 337-354. DOI:10.1007/s10584-010-9803z.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
- GSS (Ghana Statistical Service) 2014. "2010 Population and Housing Census. District Analytical Report, Ejisu-Juaben Municipal Assembly".Google Scholar
- Gullison R.E. et al. 2007. Tropical Forests and Climate Policy. Science, 316: 985-986. 10.1126/science.1136163.Google Scholar
- Hageback J., Sundberg J., Ostwald M., Chen D., Yun X., Knutson P. 2005. Climate variability and use change in Danangou Watershed, China - Examples of small-scale farmers adaptation. Clim. Change, 72: 189-212. DOI: 10.1007/s10584-005-5384-7.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
- Hall J.B., Swaine M.D. 1981. Distribution and ecology of vascular plants in a Tropical Rain Forest Vegetation in Ghana. Geobotany, 1. The Hague: W. Junk Publ., The Hague.Google Scholar
- Haque A., Yamamoto S.S., Malik A.A., Sauerborn R. 2012. Households' perception of climate change and human health risks: A community perspective. Environ. Health, 11: 1. http://www.ehjournal.net/content/11/1/1Crossref
- Hares M., Eskonheimo A., Myllyntaus T., Luukkanen O. 2006. Environmental literacy in interpreting endangered sustainability. Case studies from Thailand and Sudan. Geoforum, 37: 128-144.Google Scholar
- Hawthorne W.D. 1989. The flora and vegetation of Ghana's forests. [In:] Ghana forest inventory proceedings. Overseas Development Agency/Ghana Forestry Department, Accra: 8-13.Google Scholar
- Henderson-Sellers A., Gornitz V. 1984. Possible Climatic Impacts of Land Cover Transformations With Particular Emphasis On Tropical Deforestation. Clim. Change, 6: 231-257. 0165-0009/84/0063-0231$04.05.Google Scholar
- Hosonuma N., Herold M., De Sy V., De Fries R.S., Brockhaus M., Verchot L., Angelsen A., Romijn E. 2012. An assessment of deforestation and forest degradation drivers in developing countries. Environ. Res. Lett., 7, 044009. 1748-9326/12/044009C12$33.00.Google Scholar
- Houghton R.A. 2008. In: Encyclopedia of Ecology. 1st edn. Jorgensen S.E. Fath B.D. (eds) Elsevier: 448-453.Google Scholar
- IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change) 2007. Climate Change: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Cambridge Univ. Press, New York.Google Scholar
- IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel Climate Change) 2014. Climate change impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability," Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.Google Scholar
- IPEA (Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada) 2011. Código florestal: implicações do PL 1876/99 nas áreas de reserva legal. Comunicados do IPEA. n. 96.Google Scholar
- Israel M., Hay I. 2006. Research Ethics for Social Scientists: Between Ethical Conduct and Regulating Compliance. Pine Forge Press, London, UK.Google Scholar
- IUCN 2006. Forest landscape restoration to meet Ghana's deforestation Challenges. IUCN (http://www.IUCN.org/en/news/archive/2006/newfebruary06.htm)
- Katz E., Goloubinoff M., Lammel A.M. 1998. El niño visto por las ciencias sociales: propuesta de investigación. Bull. Inst. Fr. Etudes Andines, 27(3): 857-864.Google Scholar
- Kioko J., Kiringe J.W., Seno S.O. 2012. Impacts of livestock grazing on a savanna grassland in Kenya. J. Arid Land 4(1): 29-35.Google Scholar
- Kioko J., Okello M.M. 2010. Land use cover and environmental changes in a semi-arid rangeland, Southern Kenya. J. Geogr. Regional Plan., 13(11): 322-326.Google Scholar
- Klooster D. 2003. Forest Transitions in Mexico: Institutions and Forests in a Globalized Countryside. The Professional Geographer, 55(2): 227-237.Google Scholar
- Lammel A., Goloubinoff M., Katz E. 2008. Aires y lluvias. Antropología del clima en México. CIESAS/CEMCA/IRD, México.Google Scholar
- Lawrence A. (ed.) 2000. Forest, forest users and research: New ways of learning. [In:] Proc. workshop, "Learning from resources users-a paradigm shift in tropical forestry". Vienna, Austria. ETFRN, Wageningen.Google Scholar
- Lazos E., Paré L. 2000. Miradas indígenas sobre una naturaleza entristecida. Percepciones del deterioro ambiental entre nahuas del sur de Veracruz. Instituto de Investigaciones Sociales-UNAM/Plaza y Valdés, México.Google Scholar
- Leduc T.B. 2007. Sila dialogues on climate change: Inuit wisdom for a cross-cultural interdisciplinarity. Clim. Change, 85: 237-250. DOI:10.1007/s10584-006-9187-2.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
- Lobell D.B., Field C.B. 2007. Global scale climate-crop yield relationships and the impacts of recent warming. Environ. Res. Lett., 2, 014002.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
- Locatelli B., Kanninen M., Brockhaus M., Colfer C.J.P., Murdiyarso D., Santoso H. 2008. Facing an Uncertain Future: How Forests and People Can Adapt to Climate Change. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR): Bogor, Indonesia.Google Scholar
- Macchi M., Gurung A.M., Hoermann B. 2014. Community perceptions and responses to climate variability and change in the Himalayas. Climate Dev., DOI: 10.1080/17565529.2014.966046.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
- Macchi M., ICIMOD Team. 2010. Mountains of the world - ecosystem services in a time of global and climate change. Kathmandu: ICIMOD.Google Scholar
- Malhi Y., Grace J. 2000. Tropical forests and atmospheric carbon dioxide. Trends Ecol. Evolut., 15: 332-337.Google Scholar
- Malhi Y., Roberts J.T., Betts R.A., Killeen T.J., Li W., Nobre C.A. 2008. Climate Change, Deforestation, and the Fate of the Amazon. Science, 319, 169. DOI: 10.1126/science.1146961.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
- Metz B., Davidson O., Bosch P., Dave R., Meyer L. (eds) 2007. Climate Change 2007 Mitigation. Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge: 541-584.Google Scholar
- Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources 2012. Climate Investment Funds Forest Investment Program. Ghana Investment Plan for the Forest Investment Program. https://www.fcghana.org/assets/file/Programmes/Forest_Investment_Plan_fip/Ghana%20Draft%20FIP%203-5%20_31_august2012.pdf on September 4, 2017.
- Morara M.K., MacOpiyo L., Kogi-Kamau W. 2014. Land use land cover change in urban pastoral interface. A case of Kajiado County, Kenya. J. Geogr. Regional Plan., 7(9): 192-202.Google Scholar
- NDPC (National Development Planning Commission) 2015. Depletion of forest cover continues at alarming rate - Report. http://www.ghananewsagency.org/science/depletion-of-forest-cover-continues-at-alarming-rate-report-96094 [Access 4.09.2017]
- Nelson W., Agbey S.N.D. 2005. Linkage between Poverty and Climate Change: Adaptation of the Livelihood for the Poor in Ghana. National Development Planning Commission and Friends of the Earth Ghana: Accra, Ghana.Google Scholar
- Oduro K A et al.., 2012. Ghana Forest and Wildlife Handbook. Ghana Forest and Wildlife Resources, 2012: A compendium of information about forests and wildlife resources, forestry related issues and wood processing in Ghana.Google Scholar
- Oldeman D.C., Hakkeling T.A., Sombrock W.G. 1991. World Map of the Status of Human Induced Soil Degradation: An Explanatory Note. The Netherlands and Nairobi International Soil Reference and Information Centre and UN environment program.Google Scholar
- Olsson P., Galaz V., Boonstra W.J. 2014. Sustainability transformations: a resilience perspective. Ecology and Society, 19(4): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5751/ES-06799-190401Crossref
- Orlove B.S., Chiang J.H., Cane M.A. 2000. Forecasting Andean rainfall and crop yield from the influence of El Niño on Pleiades visibility. Nature, 403: 68-71.Google Scholar
- Orlove B.S., Chiang J.H., Cane M.A. 2002. Ethnoclimatology in the Andes: a cross-disciplinary study uncovers the scientific basis for the scheme Andean potato farmers traditionally use to predict the coming rains. Am Sci., 90: 428-435.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
- Orlove B.S., Tosteson J.L. 1999. The Application of Seasonal to Interannual Climate Forecasts Based on El Niño - Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Events: Australia, Brazil, Ethiopia, Peru, and Zimbabwe. Institute of International Studies. Berkeley Workshop on Environmental Politics. http://repositories.cdlib.org/iis/bwep/WP99-3-Orlove
- Ostrom E. 1999. Self Governance and Forest Resources. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) Discussion paper No. 20.Google Scholar
- Owusu K., Waylen P., Qiu Y. 2008. Changing rainfall inputs in the Volta basin: implications for water sharing in Ghana. GeoJournal, 71: 201-210.Google Scholar
- Oyama M.D., Nobre C.A. 2003. A new climate-vegetation equilibrium state for Tropical South America. Geophys. Res. Let., 30, 2199. DOI: 10.1029/2003GL018600.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
- Palys T. 2008. Purposive sampling. [In:] Given L.M. (ed.) The Sage Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods. Vol. 2. Sage: Los Angeles: 697-8.Google Scholar
- Patton M.Q. 2002. Qualitative research and evaluation methods. 3rd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
- Peprah P., Abalo E.M., Amoako J., Nyonyo J., Agyemang-Duah W., Adomako I. 2017. "The Reality from the Myth": The poor as main agents of forest degradation: Lessons from Ashanti Region, Ghana. Environ. Socio.-econ. Stud., 5, 3: 1-11. DOI: 10.1515/environ-2017-0011.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
- Prah E.A. 1997. Joint forest management - the Gwira-Banso experience. Commonwealth Forestry Rev., 76(3): 171-174.Google Scholar
- Rahman H., Alam K. 2016. Forest Dependent Indigenous Communities' Perception and Adaptation to Climate Change through Local Knowledge in the Protected Area - Bangladesh Case Study. Climate, 4, 12. DOI:10.3390/cli4010012.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
- Ramankutty N., Gibbs H.K., Achard F., DeFries R., Foley J.A., Houghton R.A. 2007. Challenges to estimating carbon emissions from tropical deforestation. Glob. Change Biol., 13: 51-66. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01272.x.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
- Ratsimbazafy C.L., Harada K. Yamamura M. 2012. Forest resources use, attitude, and perception of local residents towards community based forest management: Case of the Makira Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD) Project, Madagascar. J. Ecology Natural Environ., 4(13): 321-332: DOI: 10.5897/JENE11.123.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
- Raupach M.R., Marland G., Ciais P., Le Quéré C., Canadell J.G., Klepper G., Field C.B. 2007. Global and regional drivers of accelerating CO2 emissions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 104, 10288. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0700609104.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
- Repetto R. 1988. The forest for trees? Government policies and the misuse of forest resources. Washington DC, World Resources Institute.Google Scholar
- Repetto R. 1990. Deforestation in the tropics. Sc. Am., 262: 36-42.Google Scholar
- Ringrose S., Chanda R., Nikambwe M., Sepe I. 1996. Environmental change in the Mid-Boteti area of North Central Bostwana: biophysical process and human perceptions. Environ Manage, 20(3): 397-410.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
- Roberstson J., Lawes M. 2005. User Perceptions of Conservation and Participatory Management of Igxalingenwa Forest, South Africa. Environ. Conserv., 32(1): 64-75.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
- Roy S.B., Avissar R. 2002. Impact of land use/land cover change on regional hydrometeorology in Amazonia. J. Geophys. Res., 107. 8037. DOI: 10.1029/2000JD000266.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
- RSAS 2002. The Abisko agenda: Research for mountain area development. Ambio Special Report 11. Stockholm.Google Scholar
- Sabine C.L. et al. 2004. In: Global Carbon Cycle: Integrating Humans, Climate and the Natural World. Field C., Raupach M. (eds.) Island Press, Washington, DC: 17-44.Google Scholar
- Sánchez-Cortés M.S., Chavero E.L. 2011. Indigenous perception of changes in climate variability and its relationship with agriculture in a Zoque community of Chiapas, Mexico. Clim. Change, 107: 363-389. DOI: 10.1007/s10584-010-9972-9.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
- Scherl L.M., Wilson A., Wild R., Blockhus J., Franks P., McNeely J.A., McShane T.O. 2004. Can Protected Areas Contribute to Poverty Reduction? Opportunities and Limitations. Chief Scientist's Office Report, IUCN, Gland.Google Scholar
- Seppälä R., Buck A., Katila P. 2009. Adaptation of Forests and People to Climate Change - A Global Assessment Report. International Union of Forest Research Organizations (IUFRO): Helsinki, Finland.Google Scholar
- Stephens B.S. et al. 2007. Weak Northern and strong tropical land carbon uptake from vertical profiles of atmospheric CO2. Science, 316: 1732-5.Google Scholar
- Stigter C.J., Dawei Z., Onyewotu L.O.Z., Xurong M. 2005. Using traditional methods and indigenous technologies for coping with climate variability. Clim. Change, 70: 255-271.Google Scholar
- Stocking M., Murnaghan N. 2001. Handbook for the field assessment of Land Degradation. Earthscan Publ., London.Google Scholar
- Tashakkori A., Teddlie C. (eds.) 2003. Handbook of mixed methods in social and behavioral research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
- Teddlie C., Yu F. 2007. Mixed Methods Sampling: A Typology with Examples. J. Mixed Methods Res., 1, 77. DOI: 10.1177/2345678906292430.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
- Thomas D.S.G., Twyman Ch., Osbahr H., Hewitson B. 2007. Adaptation to Climatic Change and variability: farmer responses to intra-seasonal precipitation trends in South Africa. Clim. Change 83: 301-322. DOI:10.1007/s10584-006-9205-4.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
- Tinker P.B., Ingram J.S.I., Struwe S. 1996. Effects of slash-and-burn agriculture and deforestation on climate change. Agr. Ecosystems Environ., 58: 13-22. SSDI 0167-8809(95)00651-6.CrossrefGoogle Scholar
- UNDP (United Nations Development Programme): In: Human Development Report 2007. Background Paper on Risks, Vulnerability and Adaptation in Bangladesh. Rahman A., Alam M., Alam S.S, Rabi Uzzaman M., Rashid M., Rabbani G. (eds.). Dhaka: UNDP: 1-86.Google Scholar
- UNEP 1997. World Atlas of Desertification. (2nd edn), Middleton N., Thomas D.S.G. (eds). Edward Arnold: London.Google Scholar
- UNFCCC (United Nations Frame Work Convention on Climate Change) 1992. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. http//www.unfccc.int/text/resources/docs/convkp/conveng.pdf.
- UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) 2009. "Fact Sheet: The Need for Mitigation," available at unfccc.int.Google Scholar
- UNFCCC 2009. Methodological guidance for activities relating to reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation and the role of conservation, sustainable management of forests and enhancement of forest carbon stocks in developing countries Decision COP 15/4 (http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2009/cop15/eng/11a01.pdf
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikatory
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.ekon-element-000171495470

JavaScript jest wyłączony w Twojej przeglądarce internetowej. Włącz go, a następnie odśwież stronę, aby móc w pełni z niej korzystać.