The Handling of Business Lawsuits by Common Courts in Poland : Identification of Transaction Costs

• Autorzy: Sylwia Morawska , Przemysław Banasik , Beata Woźniak-Jęchorek

Warianty tytułu

Praktyka działania sądów powszechnych w sprawach gospodarczych w Polsce - identyfikacja kosztów transakcyjnych

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

The aim of the article is to identify factors influencing the transaction costs of the enforcement of contracts concluded between entrepreneurs in business matters. For the purpose of the article, a pilot study was conducted involving 210 court cases pending before the District Court in Gdańsk in the first instance after 2009, in which the judgment was issued in 2012 (the last 210 cases) and for which the appeal was lodged to the Appeals Court in Gdańsk and the proceedings were concluded before 2013. The conducted case study was to identify factors influencing the transaction costs of contractual rights on the supply side, i.e. as part of court activity. Transaction costs of contract enforcement include not only the costs of court fees and legal representation, which are defined normatively, but also - and what is obvious - the time necessary to exercise rights under the contract. The study attempted to answer two research questions. First, which factors influence the time of consideration of the case, from the moment it reaches the court of first instance up to the second-instance judgment, and second - to what extent the level of complexity of the case is correlated with the time of its examination. The results enabled preselecting the basic factors that identify the level of complexity of the case. It was assumed in this article that they include: the number of volumes accumulated throughout the examination of the case, the number of hearings, and the number of pages of justification of the first- and second-instance judgment. (original abstract)

Celem artykułu jest identyfikacja czynników mających wpływ na koszty transakcyjne dochodzenia praw z umów pomiędzy przedsiębiorcami w sprawach gospodarczych. Na potrzeby artykułu przeprowadzono pilotażowe badanie 210 spraw sądowych zawisłych przed Sądem Okręgowym w Gdańsku w pierwszej instancji po 2009 r., w których wyrok wydano w 2012 r. (ostatnie 210 spraw) a od wyroku wniesiono apelację do Sądu Apelacyjnego w Gdańsku i zakończono postępowanie przed 2013 r. Badanie miało charakter studium przypadku, którego celem była identyfikacja czynników mających wpływ na koszty transakcyjne dochodzenia praw z umów po stronie podażowej, czyli w ramach działania sądów. Na koszty transakcyjne dochodzenia praw z umów składają się nie tylko koszty opłaty sądowej i zastępstwa procesowego, określone normatywnie, ale także - co jest oczywiste - czas niezbędny do wyegzekwowania praw wynikających z umowy. W badaniu podjęto próbę odpowiedzi na dwa pytania badawcze. Po pierwsze, które z czynników mają wpływ na czas rozpoznania sprawy, począwszy od jej wpływu do sądu pierwszej instancji aż do wydania wyroku w drugiej instancji, a po drugie - na ile poziom zawiłości sprawy przekłada się na czas rozpoznania sprawy. Wyniki badań pozwoliły na wstępne wyselekcjonowanie podstawowych czynników identyfikujących poziom skomplikowania sprawy. Autorzy artykułu przyjęli, że należą do nich: liczba tomów zgromadzonych w trakcie rozpoznania sprawy, liczba rozpraw oraz liczba stron uzasadnienia wyroku w pierwszej i drugiej instancji. (abstrakt oryginalny)

Słowa kluczowe

EN

Transaction cost; Legal proceedings; Judiciary in economic matters; Contract law; Civil law

PL

Koszty transakcyjne; Postępowanie sądowe; Sądownictwo w sprawach gospodarczych; Prawo umów; Prawo cywilne

• Czasopismo: Ekonomista
• Rocznik: 2019
• Numer: nr 3
• Strony: 321--342

Twórcy

autor

Sylwia Morawska

• Warsaw School of Economics

autor

Przemysław Banasik

• Gdańsk University of Technology

autor

Beata Woźniak-Jęchorek

• Poznań University of Economics and Business

Bibliografia

• Antonelli M.A., Grembi W., A Microeconomic Model of the Demand oj Civil Justice: Is One Institutional Context Better than Another? "European Journal of Law and Economics" 2013, no. 36.
• Ayres I., Gertner R., Strategic Contractual Inefficiency and the Optimal Choice of Legal Rules, "The Yale Law Journal" 1992, no. 101(4).
• Bebchuk L.A., Litigation and Settlement under Imperfect Information, "RAND Journal of Economics" 1984, no. 15(404).
• Bełdowski J., Ciżkowicz M., Sześcilo D., Efektywność polskiego sądownictwa w świetle badań międzynarodowych i krajowych, FOR Helsińska Fundacja Praw Człowieka, Warszawa 2010 (Effectiveness of the Polish Judiciary in the Light of International and National Research, FOR Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights, Warsaw 2010).
• Case files by legal departments in common courts for 2001-2016, https://isws.ms.gov.pl/pl/baza-statystyczna/ (accessed 12.06.2017).
• Choi S.J., Mitu Gulati G., Posner E.A., Are Judges Overpaid? A Skeptical Response to the Judicial Salary Debate, "Journal of Legal Analysis, Justice System Journal" 2009, no. 1(75).
• Christensen R.K., Szmer J., Examining the Efficiency of the U.S. Courts of Appeals: Pathologies and Prescriptions, "International Review of Law and Economics" 2012, no. 32.
• Cooter R.D., Rubinfeld D.L., Legal Disputes and their Resolution, "Journal of Economic Literature" 1989, no. 37(1067).
• Cooter R., Ulen Т., Law & Economics, Berkeley Law Books, Berkeley Law Scholarship Repository 2016, https://scholarship.law.berkeley.edU/books/2/
• Coviello D., Ichino A., Persico N., Giudici in Affanno, "Annuario di diritto comparato e studi legislative", Naples: Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane, Naples 2009.
• Coviello D., Ichino A., Persico N., The Inefficiency of Worker Time Use, "Journal of the European Economic Association" 2014a, no. 13(5).
• Coviello D., Ichino A., Persico N., Time Allocation and Task Juggling, "American Economic Review" 2014b, no. 104.
• Daugherty A.F., Reinganum J.F., Economic Theories of Settlement Bargaining, Working Paper 05-W08, Department of Economics, Vanderbilt University, 2005.
• Di Vita G., Production of Laws and Delays in Court Decisions, "International Review of Law and Economics" 2010, no. 30(3).
• Dimitrova-Grajzl V, Grajzl P., Slavov A., Zajc K., Courts in a Transition Economy: Case Disposition and the Quantity-Quality Tradeoff in Bulgaria, "Economic Systems" 2016, no. 40(1).
• Djankov S., La Porta R., Lopez-de Silanes F., Shleifer A., Courts, "The Quarterly Journal of Economics" 2003, no. 118(2).
• Eggertsson Т., Economic Behavior and Institutions, Cambridge Surveys of Economic Literature, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1990.
• Famulski L., Selected Legal Aspects of Transaction Costs, "Journal of Finance and Financial Law" 2017, no. 1(13).
• Flaga-Gieruszyńska K., Szybkość, sprawność i efektywność postępowania cywilnego - zagadnienia podstawowe, Zeszyty Naukowe KUL 2017, no. 3(239), (Speed, Efficiency and Effectiveness of Civil Proceedings - Basic Issues, Working Papers KUL 2017, no. 3(239)).
• Goelzhauser G., Accountability and Judicial Performance: Evidence from Case Dispositions, "Justice System Journal" 2012, no. 33.
• Guerra A., Tagliapietra C, Does Judge Turnover Affect Judicial Performance? Evidence from Italian Court Records, "Justice System Journal" 2017, no. 38(1), DOI: 10.1080/0098261X.2016.1209448.
• Hadfield G., Judicial Competence and the Interpretation of Incomplete Contracts, "Journal of Legal Studies" 1994, no. 23.
• Joński K., Efektywność sądownictwa powszechnego - podstawowe problemy, Instytut Wymiaru Sprawiedliwości, Warszawa 2016 (Efficiency of General Courts - Basic Problems, Institute of Justice, Warsaw 2016).
• Katz A., The Potential Demise of Another Natural Monopoly: Rethinking the Collective Administration of Performing Rights, "Journal of Competition Law and Economics" 2005, no. 1(3).
• Kessler D.P., Rubinfeld D.L., Empirical Study of the Civil Justice System, Working Paper 10825, NBER, 2004.
• Klein В., Transaction Cost Determinants of "Unfair" Contractual Arrangements, "The American Economic Review" 1980, no. 70(2), Papers and Proceedings of the Ninety-Second Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association, May 1980.
• Kostritsky J.P., Introduction - Incomplete Contracts: Judicial Responses, Transactional Planning, and Litigation Strategies, Symposium, Faculty Publications 2005, no. 132, https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/faculty_publications/132
• Lim C.S., Preferences and Incentives of Appointed and Elected Public Officials: Evidence from State Trial Court Judges, "American Economic Review"2013, no. 103.
• Litigation Annual Trends Survey. Perspectives from Corporate Counsel, Norton Rose Fulbright 2018, http://www.nortonrosefulbright.com/files/20181105-2018-litiga-tion-trends-annual-survey-pdf-171297.pdf
• Litigation Cost Survey of Major Companies, Statement Submitted by Lawyers for Civil Justice, Civil Justice Reform Group, U.S. Chamber Institute for Legal Reform, Conference on Civil Litigation, Duke Law School, 2010 https://www.uscourts.gov/sites/ default/files/litigation_cost_survey_of_major_companies_0.pdf.
• Marciano A., Khalil E.L., Optimization, Path Dependence and the Law: Can Judges Promote Efficiency? "International Review of Law and Economics" 2012, no. 32.
• Melcarne A., Ramello G., Judicial Independence, Judges' Incentives and Efficiency, "Review of Law and Economics" 2015, no. 11(2).
• Nalebuff, В., Credible Pretrial Negotiation, "RAND Journal of Economics" 1987, no. 18(198).
• North D.C., Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1990.
• Png I., Strategic Behavior in Suit, Settlement and Trial, "Bell Journal of Economics" 1983, no. 14(539).
• Polish Ministry of Justice, http://kurator.webd.pl/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/Raport-Pod-sumowuj cy-Zadania-4.pdf
• Priest G.L., Klein В., The Selection of Disputes for Litigation, "Journal of Legal Studies" 1984 no. 13(1).
• Ramseyer J.M., Sex Bias in the Japanese Courts, in: Empirical Studies of Judicial Systems, ed. K.C. Huang, Academia Sinica, Taipei 2007, p. 197-218.
• Rao P.K., The Economics of Transaction Costs; Theory, Methods, and Applications, Pal-grave MacMillan, New York 2003.
• Reinganum J., Wilder L., Settlement, Litigation and the Allocation of Litigation Costs, "RAND Journal of Economics" 1986, no. 17(557).
• Rhee R.J., A Price Theory of Legal Bargaining: An Inquiry into the Selection of Settlement and Litigation under Uncertainty, "Emory Law Journal" 2006, no. 56, http://scholarship.law.ufl.edu/facultypub/494
• Schwartz A., Legal Contract Theories and Incomplete Contracts, in: Contract Economics, L. Werin, H. Wijkander (eds.), Cambridge 1992, p. 76-108.
• Scott R.E., Triantis G.G, Anticipating Litigation in Contract Design, "Yale Law Journal" 2006, no. 115(4).
• Shavell S., Any Frequency of Plaintiff Victory is Possible, "Journal of Legal Studies" 1996, no. 25(493).
• Spier K.E., The Dynamics of Pretrial Negotiation, "Review of Economic Studies" 1992, no. 59(93).
• The Act of 17 June 2004, The Law on Complaints about Violation of the Party's Right to Hear the Case in Court Proceedings without Undue Delay (Journal of Laws 2004, no. 179, item 1843, as amended).
• The Act of February 28, 2003, The Bankruptcy and Reorganization Law (Journal of Laws 2003, no. 60, item 535, as amended).
• The Act of July 27, 2001, The Law on the System of Common Courts (consolidated text from 2016, item 2062, as amended).
• The Act of July 28, 2005, The Court Costs in Civil Matters (consolidated text from 2016, item 623, as amended).
• The Act of November 17, 1964, The Code of Civil Procedure (consolidated text, Journal of Laws 2016, item 1822).
• The Act of September 4,1997, The Government Administration Departments (consolidated text from 2016, item 543, as amended).
• Voigt S., Determinants of Judicial Efficiency: A Survey, "European Journal of Law and Economics" 2016, no. 42(2), DOI: 10.1007/sl0657-016-9531-6.
• Voigt S., El Bialy N., Identifying the Determinants of Judicial Performance: Taxpayers'Money Well Spent? "European Journal of Law and Economics" 2015, no. 41(2). doi:10.1007/S10657-014-9474-8.
• Williamson O.E., The Economic Institutions of Capitalism, Macmillan, New York 1985.
• Williamson O.E., The Economics of Organization: The Transaction Cost Approach, "American Journal of Sociology" 1981, no. 87(3).
• World Bank 2018, http://www.doingbusiness.org