PL EN


Preferencje help
Widoczny [Schowaj] Abstrakt
Liczba wyników
2008 | Performance Measurement in Public Organisations: the Theory and the Practice of the Health Care Sector | 109--132
Tytuł artykułu

Leadership and its Influence on Organisation Effectiveness

Warianty tytułu
Języki publikacji
EN
Abstrakty
EN
No matter where one looks around the world today, organisations face a common challenge: the need to improve their performance to capitalise on rapid change. In North America crash restructuring and downsizing have become a way of life as organisations struggle to regain market share from global companies producing higher-quality products. In Eastern Europe managers and employees struggle to establish new behaviours and procedures that will allow their companies to compete in the free market. In Japan organisations that once had a clear target to match and surpass North American quality and customer service now lack a blueprint for further progress. Wherever they are in the world, the most effective leaders of the 21st century will be those who can lead others in their organisations to think in innovative ways and, in fact, to drive change. Over the past 20 years, the field of strategic management has become increasingly concerned with leaders and their effects on strategy formulation and firm performance. Health care leadership is similar, but at the same time differs form the leadership itself, and it has been a major political aim in the heath service since the end of 90s in the United Kingdom. Leadership in health care must develop in order to enhance the profession's contribution within NHS organisations, since health care leaders are directly involved in providing clinical care that continuously improves care through influencing others (Cook, 2001). This idea is supported by theories dealing with the differences between managers and leaders, in which leadership is understood as an activity undertaken without the formal authority needed for management. (fragment of text)
Twórcy
  • University of Economics in Katowice, Poland
Bibliografia
  • Ashour A.S. (1973): The Contingency Model of Leadership Effcctivcness: An Evaluation. "Organizational Behavior and Humań Performance", 9: 339-355.
  • Avolio B.J., Bass B.M. (2002): Developing Potential across a Fuli Range of Leadership. Cases on Transactional and Transformational Leadership. Lawrence, Erlbaum Associates, Mawah, N.J.
  • Avolio B.J., Waldman D.A., Einstein W.O. (1988): Transformational Leadership in a Management Game Simulation, Impacting the Bottom Line. "Group, Organization Studies", 13, (1): 59-80. Bass B.M. (1981): Bass & StogdilTs Handbook of Leadership. The Free Press, New York.
  • Bass B.M. (1985): Leadership and Performance Beyond Expectations. The Free Press a Division of Macmillan, Inc., New York.
  • Bass B.M. (1990): Stogdilfs Handbook of Leadership Theory, Research, and Managerial Application, 3rd ed. Macmillan Publishing Co., Ino., New York.
  • Bass B.M. (1996): Is There Universality in the Full Range Model of Leadership? "International Journal of Public Administration", 19(6): 731-61.
  • Bass B.M. (1998). Transformational Leadership: Industrial, Military, and Educational Impact. State University of New York at Binghamton. Lawrence - Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, N.J.
  • Beech M. (2002): Leaders or Managers: The Drive for Effective Leadership. "Nursing Standard", 16(30): 35-6.
  • Bennis W. (1985): Leaders: The Strategies for Taking Charge. Harper Perennial, New York.
  • Bennis W. (1989): On Becoming a Leader. Reading, Addison-Wesley, MA.
  • Bennis W., Nanus B. (1985): Leaders: The Strategies for Taking Charge. Harper Business, New York.
  • Bennis W., Nanus B. (1997): Leaders: The Strategies for Taking Charge. Harper and Row Publishers, New York.&& Bennis W., Townśend R. (1997): Reinventing Leadership: Strategies to Empower the Organization. William Morrow and Company, Inc., New York.
  • Berlew D.E. (1974): Leadership and Organizational Excitement. "California Management Review", 17(2): 21-30.
  • Biondi D., (1993): Ethical Leadership. In; A. Marriner-Tomey (ed): Transformational Leadership in Nursing. Mosby, St Louis MO.
  • Boal K.B., Hooijberg R. (2000): Strategic Leadership Research: Moving On. "The Leadership Quarterly Yearly Review of Leadership", 11 (4): 515-550.
  • Boal K.B., Hooijberg R. (2001): Strategie Leadership: Moving On. "Leadership Quarterly" 11: 515-49.
  • Bono J.E., Judge T.A. (2003): Self-Concordance at Work: Toward Understanding the Motivational Effects of Transformational Leaders. "Academy of Management Journal", 46: 554-571.
  • Borins S. (2002): Leadership and Innovation in the Public Sector. "Leadership and Organization Development Journal", 23(8): 467-76.
  • Boyatzis R.E. (1982): The Competent Manager. Wiley, New York.
  • Boyett I. (1997): The Public Sector Entrepreneur: A Definition. "International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour, Research", 32: 77-92.
  • Bryson J.M. (1992): Leadership for the Common Good: Tacking Public Prob- lems in a Share. Jossey-Bass Publishers, San Francisco.
  • Burns M. (1978): Leadership. Harper, Row, New York.
  • Canella A.A. Jr, Monroe M.J. (1997): Contrasting Perspectives on Strategie Leaders: Toward a More Realistic View of Top Managers. "Journal of Management", 23: 213-237.
  • Carson J. (2005): Shared Leadership and Culture: Potential Emergence and Global Application. In: N.S. Huber, M.C. Walker (eds): Emergent Models of Global Leadership: A Volume in Building Leadership Bridges: 1- 16. The Ames Mac-Gregor Burns Academy of Leadership. College Park, MD.
  • Chakravarthy B.S. (1986): Measuring Strategic Performance. "Strategic Management Journal", 7(5): 437-458.
  • Chan K., Lew P. (2005): The Challenge of Systematic Leadership Development in the SAF. Pointer. "Journal of the Singapore Armed Forces", 30(4).
  • Chan K., Singh S., Ramaya R., Lim K.H. (2005): Spirit, System: Leadership Development for a Third Generation SAF [4th Pointer Monograph], SAFTI Military Institute, Singapore.
  • Chemers M.M. (1997): An Integrative Theory of Leadership. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Mahwah, NJ.
  • Clark K.E., Clark M.B., Campbell D.P. (1992): Impact of Leadership. Greens-boro.
  • Cohen W.A. (1990): The Art of Leading. Prentice Hall Business, Professional Division, N.J.
  • Conger J.A. (1992): Learning to Lead: The Art of Transforming Managers into Leaders. Jossey-Bass Publishers, San Francisco.
  • Conger J.A., Benjamin B. (1999): Learning to Lead: How Successful Companies Develop the Next Generation. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, CA.
  • Conger J.A., Kanungo R.A. (1987): Towards a Behavioral Theory Charismatic Leadership in Organizational Settings. "Academy of Management Review", 12: 637-647.
  • Cook M. (2001): The Renaissance of Clinical Leadership. "International Nursing Review" 48, 1: 38-46.
  • Cooper S.J. (2003): An Evaluation of the Leading an Empowered Organization Programme. "Nursing Standard", 17(24): 33-9.
  • Dale C., Gardner J., Philogene S. (2002): Overcoming Barriers to Change: Case of Ashworth Hospital. In: E. Howkins, C. Thornton (eds): Six Steps to Effective Management. Managing and Leading Innovation in Health Care. Balliere Tindall, London.
  • Davis I.H., Schoorman F.D., Donaldson L. (1997): Toward a Stewardship Theory of Management. "Academy of Management Review" 22: 20-47.
  • Day D.V., Gronn P., Salas E. (2004): Leadership Capacity in Teams. "Leadership Quarterly", 15: 857-880.
  • DeGroot T., Kiker D.S., Cross T.C. (2000): A Meta-Analysis to Review Organizational Outcomes Related to Charismatic Leadership. "Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences", 17(19), 4.
  • Del Burno D.J. (1989): Preparation of Nurse Managers. "International Nursing Review", 36(4): 117-120.
  • Denis J.L., Lamothe L., Langley A. (2001): The Dynamics of Collective Leadership and Strategic Change in Pluralistic Organization. "Academy of Management Journal", 44(4): 809-37.
  • DePree M. (1989): Leadership Is an Art. Dell Trade, New York.
  • Ensley M.D., Hmieleski K.M., Pearce Ć.L. (2006): The Importance of Vertical and Shared Leadership within New Venture Top Management Teams: Implications for the Performance of Startups. "Leadership Quarterly", 17: 217-231.
  • Ewens A. (2002): The Naturę and Purpose of Leadership. In: E. Hawkins, C. Thornton (eds): Six Steps to Effective Management: Managing and Leading Innovation in Health Care (Ch. 4). Balliere Tindall, London.
  • Fiedler F.E. (1964): A Contingency Model of Leadership Effectiveness. In: L. Berkowitz (ed.): Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 1: 149-190, Academic Press, New York.
  • Fiedler F.E. (1967): A Theory of Leadership Effectiveness. McGraw-Hill, New York.
  • Fiedler F.E. (1978): The Contingency Model and the Dynamics of the Leadership Process. In: L. Berkowitz (ed.): Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Vol. 11: 59-96, Academic Press, New York.
  • Fiedler F.E., Chemers M.M. (1974): Leadership and Effective Management. Scott, Foresman, Glenview, IL.
  • Finkelstein S., Hambrick D.C. (1996): Strategic Leadership: Top Executives and their Effects on Organizations. West Publishing, Minneapolis.
  • Fulk J., Cummings T.G. (1984): Refocusing Leadership: A Modest Proposal. In: J.G. Hunt, L.L. Larson (eds): Leaders and Managers: International Perspectives on Managerial Behavior and Leadership: 63-81. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondaie, IL.
  • Fuller J.B., Paterson C.E., Hester K., Stringer D.Y. (1996): A Quantitative Review of Research on Charismatic Leadership. "Psychological Reports", 78:271-287.
  • Gardner J.W. (1990): On Leadership. The Free Press, New York.
  • Gibson C.B., Zellmer-Bruhn M.E. (2001): Metaphors and Meaning: An Intercultural Analysis of the Concept of Teamwork. "Administrative Science Quarterly", 46: 274-303.
  • Graen G., Alvares K.M., Orris J.B., Martella J.A. (1971): Contingency Model of Leadership Effectiveness: Antecedent and Evidential Results. "Psychological Bulletin", 74: 285-296.
  • Graen G., Orris J.B., Alvares K.M. (1971): Contingency Model of Leadership Effectiveness: some Experimental Results. "Journal of Applied Psychology", 55: 196-201.
  • Greenleaf R.K. (2002): Servant Leadership: A Journey into the Naturę of Legitimate.
  • Hershey P., Blanchard K. (1993): Management of Organizational Behavior: Utilizing Human Resources. Sixth edition. Prentice Hall, New York, NY.
  • Hesselbein F., Goldsmith M., Somerville I. (eds) (1999): Leading beyond the Walls. Jossey-Bass Publishers, San Francisco.
  • Hollander E.P. (1984): Leadership Dynamics: A Practical Guide to Effective Relationship. Collier Macmillan, Inc., Canada.
  • Hooijberg R., Hunt J.G., Dodge G.E. (1997): Leadership Complexity and Development of the Leaderplex Model. "Journal of Management", 23 (3): 375-408.
  • Hooijberg R., Quinn R.E. (1992): Behavioral Complexity and the Development of Effective Managers. In: Strategic Leadership: A Multiorganizational-Level Perspective. R.L. Phillips, J.G. Hunt (ed.). Quorum, Westport, CT.
  • House R.J. (1971): A Path-Goal Theory of Leader Effectiveness. "Administrative Science Quarterly", 16: 321-328.
  • House R.J., Aditya R.N. (1997): The Social Scientific Study of Leadership: Quo Vadis? "Journal of Management", 23 (3): 409-473.
  • House R.J., Mitchell T.R. (1974): Path-Goal Theory of Leadership. "Journal of Contemporary Business", 3: 81-97.
  • House R.J., Shamir B. (1993): Toward the Integration of Transformational, Charismatic, and Visionary Theories. In: M.M. Chemers, R. Ayman (eds): Leadership Theory and Research: Perspectives and Directions: 81-108. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.
  • Hughes R.L., Ginnett R.C., Curphy G.J. (1999): Leadership: Enhancing the Lessons of Experience. (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill, New York.
  • Hunt J.G. (1999): Transformational/Charismatic Leadership's Transformation of the Field: An Historie Essay. "Leadership Quarterly", 10(2): 129-144.
  • Jarman H. (2007): Consultant Nurses as Clinical Leaders. "Nursing Management", June, 14(3): 22-26.
  • Johns C. (1993): Clinical Supervision. "Journal of Nursing Management", 1: 9-18.
  • Jung D.I., Avolio B. (1999): Effects of Leadership Style and Followers' Cultural Orientation on Performance in Group and Individual Task Conditions. "Academy of Management Journal", 42,(2): 208-218.
  • Kabacoff R. (2002): Best Practices Report: The Health Care Industry in the United Kingdom. Management Research Group, Portland.
  • Katz D., Kahn R.L. (1978): The Social Psychology of Organizations. (2nd ed.). Wiley, New York.
  • King A.S. (1990): Evolution of Leadership Theory. "Yikalpa" 15(2): 43-54.
  • King R. (2002): Leadership in the NHS: Leading at All Levels. "Nursing Management", 8(9): 26-27.
  • Kirkman B.L., Rosen B. (1997): A Model of Work Team Empowerment. In: W.A. Pasmore, R.W. Woodman (eds): Research in Organizational Change and Development: An Annual Series Featuring Advances in Theory, Methodology, and Research. Vol. 10: 131-167. JAI Press, Greenwich, CT.
  • Kirkman B.L., Shapiro D.L. (1997): The Impact of Cultural Values on Employee Resistance to Teams: Toward a Model of Globalized Self-Managing Work Team Effectiveness. "Academy of Management Review", 22: 730-757.
  • Koestenbaum P. (1991): Leadership: The Inner Side of Greatness. Jossey Bass Publishers, San Francisco.
  • Kotter J.P. (1988): The Leadership Factor. Free Press, New York.
  • Kotter J.P. (1990). A Force for Change. Free Press, New York.
  • Kouzes J.M., Posner B.A. (1995): The Leadership Challenge: How to Get Extraordinary Things Done in Organizations. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.
  • Kouzes J.M., Posner B.Z. (1987): The Leadership Challenge: How to Get Extraordinary Things Done in Organizations. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.
  • Kouzes J.M., Posner B.Z. (1993): Credibility: How Leaders Gain and Lose It, Why People Demand It. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.
  • Kouzes J.M., Posner B.Z. (1995): The Leadership Challenge (2nd ed.). Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.
  • Leatt P., Porter J. (2003): Where Are the Health Care Leaders? The Need for Investment in Leadership Development. "Health Papers", 41: 14-31.
  • Leong F.T. (1995): Review of the Leadership Practice Inventory. In: J.C. Cololey, J.C. Impala (eds): The Twelfth Mental Measurement Year Book: 555-557. The University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, NE.
  • Lowe K.B., Kroeck K.G., Sivasubramaniam N. (1996): Effectiveness Correlates of Transformational and Transactional Leadership: A Meta-Analytic Review of the MLQ Literature. "Leadership Quarterly", 7: 385- 425.
  • Luthans F., Avolio B. (2003): Authentic Leadership: A Positive Development Approach. In: K.S. Cameron, J.E. Button, R.E. Quinn (eds): Positive Organizational Scholarship. Berrett, San Francisco.
  • MacGregor J. (1978): Leadership. Harper, Row, New York. Masi R., Cooke R.A. (2000): Effects of Transformational Leadership on Subordinate Motivation, Empowering Norms, and Organizational Productivity. "International Journal of Organizational Analysis", 8,(1): 16-47.
  • McCauley C.D., Douglas C.A. (1998): Developmental Relationships. In: C.D. McCauley, R.S. Moxley, E. Van Velsor (eds): The Center for Creative Leadership Handbook of Leadership Development: 160-193. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.
  • McCauley C.D., Moxley R.S., Van Velsor E. (eds) (1998): The Center for Creative Leadership Handbook of Leadership Development. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.
  • Mischel W. (1977): The Interaction of Person and Situation. In: D. Magnusson,, N.S. Ender (eds): Personality at the Crossroads: Current Issues in Interactional Psychology. Erlbaum, Hillsdale, NJ.
  • Mumford M.D., Zaccaro S.J., Harding F.D., Jacobs T.O., Fleishman E.A. (2000): Leadership Skills for a Changing World: Solving Complex Social Problems. "The Leadership Quarterly", 11 (1): 11-35.
  • Murphy G., Trailer J., Hill R. (1996): Measuring Performance in Entrepreneurship Research. "Journal of Business Research", 36: 15-23.
  • Nahapiet J., Ghoshal S. (1998): Social Capital, Intellectual Capital, and the Organizational Advantage. "Academy of Management Review", 23: 242- 266.
  • Nanni A., Dixon R., Vollmann T. (1990): Strategic Control and Performance Measurement. "Journal of Cost Management": 33-42, Summer.
  • Newhouse J. (2002): Why Is There a Quality Chasm? "Health Affairs", 21: 13-25.
  • Northhouse P.G. (1997): Leadership: Theory and Practice. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA.
  • Northouse P. (2003): Leadership Theory and Practice. Third edition. Sage Publications, San Francisco, CA.
  • Osborne D., Plastrik P. (1997): Banishing Bureaucracy: The Five Strategies for Reinventing Government. Addison-Wesley, New York.
  • Packard S.H., Kauppi D.R. (1999): Rehabilitation Agency Leadership Style: Impact on Subordinates' Job Satisfaction. "Rehabilitation Counseling Bulletin", 43 (1), 5.
  • Palich L.E., Bagby D.R. (1995): Using Cognitive Theory to Explain Entrepreneurial Risk Taking: Challenging Conventional Wisdom. "Journal of Business Venturing", 10: 425-438.
  • Pearce C.L., Conger J.A. (2003): Shared Leadership: Reframing the Hows and Whys of Leadership. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA.
  • Pearce C.L., Sims H.P. (2002): The Relative Influence of Vertical vs. Shared Leadership on the Longitudinal Effectiveness of Change Management Teams. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 6(2): 172-197.
  • Pearce C.L., Yoo Y, Alavi M. (2004): Leadership, Social Work and Virtual Teams: The Relative Influence of Vertical vs. Shared Leadership in the Nonprofit Sector. In: R.E. Riggio, S. Smith-Orr (eds): Improving Leadership in Nonprofit Organizations: 180-203. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco.
  • Peters L.H., Hartke D.D., Pohlmann J.F. (1985): Fiedlefs Contingency Theory of Leadership: An Application of the Meta-Analysis Procedures of Schmitt and Hunter. "Psychological Bulletin", 97: 274-285.
  • Pettigrew A.M. (1992): On Studying Managerial Elites. "Strategic Management Journal" 1: 163-82.
  • Rainey H.G. (1991): Understanding and Managing Public Organizations. Jossey- Bass, San Francisco.
  • Redford E. (1969): Democracy in the Administrative State. Oxford University Press, New York.
  • Saltman R.B., Ferroussier-Davis O. (2000): The Concept of Stewardship in Health Policy. "Bulletin of the World Health Organization" 78(6): 732-9.
  • Sashkin M., Rosenbach W.E. (2001): A New Vision of Leadership. In: W.E. Rosenbach, R.L. Taylor (eds.): Contemporary Issues in Leadership. (5th ed.). Westview Press, Boulder, CO.
  • Savery L.K (1993): Difference Between Perceived and Desired Leadership Styles: The Effect on Employee Attitudes. "Journal of Managerial Psychology", 8, (6): 28.
  • Schmid H. (1992): Executive Leadership in Human Services Organizations. In: Y. Hasenfeld (ed.): Human Services as Complex Organizations: 98-117. Sage Publications, Newbury Park.
  • Schneider S.I. (2001): In Search of Realistic Optiraism: Meaning, Knowledge and Warm Fuzziness. "American Psychologist", 56: 250-263.
  • Schriesheim C.A., Kerr S. (1977): Theories and Measures of Leadership: ACritical Appraisal of Current and Futurę Directions. In: J.G. Hunt, L.L. Larson (eds): Leadership: The Cutting Edge: 9-44. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale, IL.
  • Schulman P. (1999): Applying Learned Optimism to Increase Sales Productivity. "Journal ofPersonal Selling and Sales Management", 19: 31-37.
  • Singer M.S. (1985): Transformational vs Transactional Leadership a Study of New Zealand Company Managers. "Psychology Reports", 57: 143-146.
  • Sivasubramaniam N., Murry W.D., Avolio B.J., Jung D.I. (2002): A Longitudinal Model of the Effects of Team Leadership and Group Potency on Group Performance. "Group, Organization Management", 27: 66-96.
  • Smith B.J. (1982): An Initial Test of a Theory of Charismatic Leadership Based on Response of Subordinates. University of Toronto, Ph.D. Thesis.
  • Smith J.E., Carson K.P., Alexander R.A. (1984): Leadership: It Can Make a Difference. "Academy of Management Journal", 27: 765-776.
  • Sosik J.J., Avolio B., Kahai S.S. (1998): Inspiring Group Creativity. "Small Group Research", 29, (1): 3-31.
  • Stewart R. (1982): The Relevance of Some Studies of Managerial Work and Behavior to Leadership Research. In: J.G. Hunt, U. Sekaran, C.A. Schriesheim (eds): Leadership: Beyond Establishment Views: 11-29. Southern Illinois University Press, Carbondale, IL.
  • Stogdill R.M. (1948): Personal Factors Associated with Leadership: A Survey of the Theory and Research, and Managerial Application. Free Press, New York.
  • Stogdill R.M. (1981): Handbook of Leadership; a Survey of Theory and Research, and Managerial Application. Free Press, New York.
  • Strube M.J., Garcia J.E. (1981): A Meta-Analytic Investigation of Fiedler's Contingency Model of Leadership Effectiveness. "Psychological Bulletin", 90: 307-321.
  • The World Health Report (2006): Working Together for Health.
  • Thomas P., McDonnel J., Mc Culloch J. (2005): Incerasing Capacity for Innovation in Bureaucratic Primary Care Organizations: A Whole System Participatory Action Research Project. "Annals of Family Medicine", 3: 312-317.
  • Tichy M.N., Cohen E. (1997): The Leadership Engine: How Winning Companies Build Leaders at Every Level. Harper Collins Publishers, Inc., New York.
  • Tichy N.M., Devanna M. (1986): Transformational Leadership, Managing Change Strategically. Harper Collins Publishers, Inc., New York.
  • Vecchio R.P. (1977): An Empirical Examination of the Yalidity of Fiedler's Model of Leadership Effectiveness. "Organizational Behavior and Human Performance", 19: 180-206.
  • Vroom V.H., Jago A.G. (1974): Decision-Making as a Social Process: Normative and Descriptive Models of Leader Behavior. "Decision Science", 5: 743-769.
  • Vroom V.H., Yetton P.W. (1973): Leadership and Decision-Making. University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh.
  • Wunderly L.J., Reddy W.B., Dember W.N. (1998): Optimism and Pessimism in Business Leaders. "Journal of Applied Social Psychology", 28: 751-760.
  • Yukl G.A. (1981): Leadership in Organizations. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
  • Yukl G.A. (1989): Leadership in Organizations (2nd ed.). Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
  • Yukl G.A., van Fleet D.D. (1992): Theory and Research on Leadership in Organizations. In: M.D. Dunnette, L.M. Hough (eds): Handbook of Industrial and Organizational Psychology. (2nd ed.). Vol. 3: 147-197. Consulting Psychologists Press, Pało Alto, CA.
  • Zaccaro S.J., Mumford M.D., Connelly M.S., Marks M.A., Gilbert J.A. (2000): Assessment of Leader Problem-Solving Capabilities. "The Leadership Quarterly", 11 (1): 37-64.
  • Zwingman-Bagley C. (1999): Transformational Management Style. "Nursing Administration Quarterly", 23, (4): 29-34.
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikatory
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.ekon-element-000171570899

Zgłoszenie zostało wysłane

Zgłoszenie zostało wysłane

Musisz być zalogowany aby pisać komentarze.
JavaScript jest wyłączony w Twojej przeglądarce internetowej. Włącz go, a następnie odśwież stronę, aby móc w pełni z niej korzystać.