The Role of Sports and Music in Public Diplomacy: The Case of Kosovo

• Autorzy: Labinot Hajdari

Warianty tytułu

Rola sportu i muzyki w dyplomacji publicznej na przykładzie Kosowa

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

This article elaborates the influence of sports and music on the diplomatic position of Kosovo. Despite being a new country and struggling with political recognition and diplomatic relations, Kosovo has gained popularity through the global success of its citizens in sports and music. An analysis of international media has shown that there is a significant correlation between the success of individuals in changing diplomatic approaches towards Kosovo and redefinition of constraints towards its citizens. Moreover, the image of a country built through success stories of individuals has a significant effect on the general international public and has changed the negative perception of the country. Kosovo here is used as an example to illustrate how sports and cultural diplomacy have been more successful than classical diplomacy.(original abstract)

Niniejszy artykuł omawia wpływ sportu i muzyki na dyplomatyczną pozycję Kosowa. Mimo, że Kosowo jest młodym państwem, które stara się o uznanie polityczne i dopiero buduje relacje dyplomatyczne, to już zyskało popularność dzięki światowym sukcesom jego obywateli w sporcie i muzyce. Analiza międzynarodowych mediów wykazała, że istnieje znaczna korelacja między sukcesem poszczególnych osób w zmianie podejścia dyplomatycznego wobec Kosowa a redefinicją ograniczeń wobec jego obywateli. Ponadto, liczne sukcesy we wspomnianych dziedzinach przyczyniły się do poprawy wizerunku państwa na arenie międzynarodowej. Na przykładzie Kosowa zaprezentowano w jaki sposób dyplomacja sportowa i kulturalna odniosła większy sukces niż dyplomacja klasyczna.(abstrakt oryginalny)

Słowa kluczowe

EN

Sport; Diplomacy; City image

PL

Sport; Dyplomacja; Wizerunek miasta

• Czasopismo: Przegląd Europejski
• Rocznik: 2019
• Numer: nr 3
• Strony: 189--203

Twórcy

autor

Labinot Hajdari

• University of Warsaw, University of Prishtina

Bibliografia

• 1. ACRES Tom (2018), Singer Rita Ora jets to Kosovo for independence party, "Sky News", 18.02.2018.
• 2. AHRENDT Rebekah et al. (2014), Music and diplomacy from the Early Modern era to the present, Basingstoke.
• 3. ANHOLT Simon (2011), Beyond the Nation Brand: The Role of Image and Identity in International Relations, "Exchange: The Journal of Public Diplomacy", no. 1.
• 4. ARMSTRONG Laura (2015), How 'Rita Pita' escaped persecution in war-torn Kosovo for safety and stardom in the UK, "The Sun",11.01.2015.
• 5. B92 (2013), Russia prevents Miss Kosovo from taking part in pageant, https://www.b92.net/eng/ news/society.php?yyyy=2013&mm=10&dd=10&nav_id=87953 (10.10.2013).
• 6. BALKAN INSIGHT (2016), Kosovo's Istrefi Tastes Sweet Success With 'Bonbon', http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/kosovo-albanian-musician-conquers-world-with-a-song-08-04-2016 (5.08.2016).
• 7. BÁTORA Josef (2005), Public Diplomacy in Small and Medium-sised States: Norway and Canada, Netherlands Institute of International Relations "Clingendael".
• 8. BILEFSKY Dan (2013), Kosovo Attains Status (on Facebook) It Has Sought for Years: Nation, "The New York Times", 12.12.2013.
• 9. BORGER Julian, WALKER Peter (2012), London 2012 Olympics: Kosovo athlete barred from competing as independent, "The Guardian", 25.05.2012.
• 10. BRITISH COUNCIL KOSOVO (WWW), Kosovo talks EU, https://kosovo.britishcouncil.org/en/ programmes/education-society/kosovo-talks-eu (06.10.2018).
• 11. BROPHY Joe (2018), Who is Era Istrefi? Albanian singer performing Live It Up with Will Smith and Nicky Jam at the World Cup closing ceremony, "The Sun", 15.07.2018.
• 12. BYTYCI Fatos (2014), Dokufest - a documentary film festival putting Kosovo on cultural map. "Reuters", 21.08.2014.
• 13. CNN (2018), Legends of Judo: Majlinda Kelmendi, Kosovo's first Olympic medallist, https://edition. cnn.com/2018/03/08/sport/legends-of-judo-majlinda-kelmendi-kosovo-spt/index.html (08.03.2018).
• 14. COOPER Joel (2012), Rita Ora goes back to her roots as she films new music video in her Kosovan birth town, "Daily Mail", 9.09.2012.
• 15. CULL Nicholas (2009), Public Diplomacy: Lessons from the Past, Los Angeles, Figueroa Press.
• 16. CULL Nicholas (2010), Public diplomacy: Seven lessons for its future from its past, "Place Branding and Public Diplomacy", no.1.
• 17. DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE (2008), Assembly of Kosovo, Prishtina, https://www.assembly-kosova.org/common/docs/Dek_Pav_e.pdf (18.10.2018).
• 18. DIE MORINA (2018), Serbia Bans Entry of Kosovo Karate Team, "Balkaninsight", http://www.balkaninsight.com/en/article/kosovo-karate-team-banned-from-entering-serbia-05-09-2018 (09.05.2018).
• 19. EVANS Gareth, GRANT Bruce (1995), Australia's foreign relations: in the world of the 1990s, 2nd edition, Carlton.
• 20. EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT (2012) resolution of 29 March 2012 on the European Integration Process of Kosovo (2011/2885(RSP), Enlargement report for Kosovo, OJ C 257E , 6.9.2013, p. 29-38, https: //eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX%3A52012IP0115 (06.09.2013).
• 21. FIFA (2016), 2018 FIFA World Cup Russia™ - News - "Kosovo and Gibraltar assigned to 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifying groups", https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/kosovo-and-gibraltar-assigned-to-2018-fifa-world-cup-qualifying-groups-2800710 (09.06.2016).
• 22. GIENOW-HECHT Jessica (2012), The World Is Ready to Listen: Symphony Orchestras and the Global Performance of America, "Diplomatic History", no. 1
• 23. GILBOA Eytan (2008), Searching for a Theory of Public Diplomacy, "The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science", no.1
• 24. GITTINGS John (2000), Two Koreas will march as one into Olympic stadium, "The Guardian", 11.09.2000.
• 25. Google Trends (2018), https://trends.google.com/trends/ (18.10.2018).
• 26. HAJDARI Labinot (2016), Sporti, muzika dhe diplomacia: Më shumë se një lojë e art, "BotaPress", http: //botapress.info/labinot-hajdari-sporti-muzika-dhe-diplomacia-me-shume-se-nje-loje-e-art/ (10.08.2016).
• 27. HANSEN Allen (1984), USIA Public Diplomacy in the Computer Age, New York.
• 28. HOMEWOOD Brian (2018), Kosovo beat Faroes to claim first-ever competitive win, "Reuters", 11.09.2018.
• 29. JARVIE Grant (2017), Sport, Culture and Society, 3rd edition, London.
• 30. KFOS - KOSOVA FOUNDATION FOR OPEN SOCIETY (2008), "IMAGE MATTERS! Deconstructing Kosovo's Image Problem", Prishtina, Kosovar Stability Initiative Report, November 2008, http: //kfos.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Image-Matters-ENG.pdf (08.10.2018).
• 31. KOSOVAPRESS (2018), Veseli: Cultural diplomacy is a necessary part of our international affirmation, http://www.kosovapress.com/en/news/veseli-cultural-diplomacy-is-a-necessary-part-of-our-international-affirmation-163767/ (17.11.2018).
• 32. KRASNIQI-VESELI Luljeta (2018), Ambasadorët më të mirë të Kosovës, "Radio Evropa E Lirë", https: //www.evropaelire.org/a/ambasadoret-me-te-mire-te-kosoves-/29045378.html (07.10.2018).
• 33. KROTEE March, SCHWICK Luther (1979), The Impact of Sporting Forces on South African Apartheid, "Journal of Sport and Social Issues", no. 1.
• 34. LAQUEUR Walter (1994), Save Public Diplomacy: Broadcasting America's Message Matters, "Foreign Affairs", no. 5
• 35. LAURENCE Felicity, URBAIN Olivier (2011), Music and Solidarity: Questions of Universality, Consciousness, and Connection, New Brunswick, N.J.
• 36. MACMILLAN Margaret (2008), Nixon and Mao: The Week That Changed the World, New York.
• 37. MAJLINDA KELMENDI JUDOKA (WWW), https://www.judoinside.com/judoka/42942/Majlinda_Kelmendi/judo-career (16.10.2018).
• 38. MALONE Gifford (1985), Managing Public Diplomacy, "The Washington Quarterly", no. 3.
• 39. MASTERS James (2016), Majlinda Kelmendi wins gold for Kosovo's historic first Olympic medal,"CNN", https://edition.cnn.com/2016/08/07/sport/majlinda-kelmendi-kosovo-olympics/index.html (17.10.2018).
• 40. MELISSEN Jan (2005), The new public diplomacy: Between theory and practice, in: J. Melissen (ed.), The New Public Diplomacy: Soft Power in International Relations, Palgrave Macmillan.
• 41. MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS - REPUBLIC OF KOSOVO (WWW), Lista e njohjeve, http://www. mfa-ks.net/al/politika/484/lista-e-njohjeve/484 (10.09.2018).
• 42. MFK-RKS (2018), MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS - REPUBLIC OF KOSOVO, http://www.mfa-ks. net/?page=1,115,1147&offset=13 (18.10.2018).
• 43. MORELLI L. Vincent (2018), Kosovo: Background and U.S. Relations, "Congressional Research Service", https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R44979.pdf (13.08.2018).
• 44. MURRAY Stuart (2012), The Two Halves of Sports-Diplomacy, "Diplomacy & Statecraft", no.3
• 45. MURRAY Stuart (2018), Sports diplomacy: Origins, Theory and Practice, 1st ed, Abingdon.
• 46. MURRAY Stuart, PIGMAN Allen Geoffrey (2013), Mapping the relationship between international sport and diplomacy, "Sport in Society", no. 9
• 47. NEW YORK TIMES (2014), I.O.C. Recognizes Kosovo, https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/10/sports/ ioc-recognizes-kosovo.html (10.12.2014).
• 48. NYE Joseph (1990), Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of American Power, New York.
• 49. NYE Joseph (2004), Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics, 1st ed, New York.
• 50. NYE Joseph (2008), Public Diplomacy and Soft Power. "The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science", no. 1
• 51. OPERALIA (2016), "Operalia | Winners", https://www.operaliacompetition.org/winners (02.10.2018).
• 52. PALOKAJ Augustin (2015), Kosovo - EU Relations: The History of Unfulfilled Aspirations?, Pristina, Forum 2015 - KFOS operational project, https://kfos.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/ Kosovo-EU-Relations-The-History-of-Unfulfilled-Aspirations.pdf (08.10.2018).
• 53. PARK Michael K. (2017), Long Shot: The Prospects and Limitations of Sports and Celebrity Athlete Diplomacy, "The French Journal of Media Studies", nr 6/2017.
• 54. POLITICO (2018), Politico 28 Class of 2019: The 28 people shaping, shaking and stirring Europe, Era Istrefi, https://www.politico.eu/list/politico-28-class-of-2019-the-ranking/era-istrefi/ (31.12.2018)
• 55. POPOVA Erjone (2016), Kosovo Film Makes History Despite Oscars Disappointment. "Balkaninsight", 29.02.2016.
• 56. POTTON Ed (2017), How Kosovo is producing the best female pop stars, "The Times", 1.02.2017.
• 57. POWELL Emma (2015), X Factor judge Rita Ora named honorary ambassador of the Republic of Kosovo, "Standard", 10.07.2015.
• 58. REDEKER Robert (2008), Sport as an opiate of international relations: The myth and illusion of sport as a tool of foreign diplomacy, "Sport in Society", no. 4
• 59. SAMUELSON Kate (2016), Kosovo's First Ever Olympic Medallist on Her 'Great Moment, "Time", http: //time.com/4444716/rio-olympics-majlinda-kelmendi-kosovo/ (07.10.2018).
• 60. SINANI Resul (2015), Diaspora as a Communicating Actor in Public Diplomacy Compared to Public Government Diplomacy in the Case of Kosovo, "Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies", no.2.
• 61. SPORT AND DIPLOMACY (WWW), SOAS, University of London, https://www.soas.ac.uk/cisd/research/sport-and-diplomacy/ (15.10.2018).
• 62. SPAAIJ Ramón (2012), Olympic rings of peace? The Olympic movement, peacemaking and intercultural understanding. "Sport in Society", no.6
• 63. STATLER C. Kathryn, (2012), The Sound of Musical Diplomacy, "Diplomatic History", no.1.
• 64. SZONDI Gyorgy (2008), Public Diplomacy and nation Branding: Conceptual Similarities and Difference, Netherlands Institute of International Relations "Clingendael".
• 65. Telegrafi (2011), Projekte të reja për lobim, https://telegrafi.com/projekte-te-reja-per-lobim/ (04.10.2018).
• 66. Telegrafi (2016), Madhështore: Ushtria ruse duke nderuar flamurin e Kosovës, https://telegrafi.com/ madheshtore-trupat-ruse-duke-nderuar-flamurin-e-kosoves-fotovideo/ (06.10.2018).
• 67. TRAN Mark, ORR James (2008), US and EU powers to recognise Kosovan statehood, "The Guardian", 18.02.2008.
• 68. TUCH Hans (1990), Communicating with the World: U. S. Public Diplomacy Overseas, New York
• 69. UEFA (2018), Kosovo relishing the future, https://www.uefa.com/insideuefa/member-associations/ association=kos/index.html (03.09.2018).
• 70. URBAIN Olivier, SHORTER Wayne (2015), Music and conflict transformation, London.
• 71. USC CENTER ON PUBLIC DIPLOMACY (2015), 10 Great Moments in Music Diplomacy, https://www. uscpublicdiplomacy.org/story/10-great-moments-music-diplomacy (12.02.2015).
• 72. VAN HAM Peter (2001), The Rise of the Brand State: The Postmodern Politics of Image and Reputation, "Foreign Affairs", no.5.
• 73. VON ESCHEN Penny (2004), Satchmo Blows Up the World, Cambridge.
• 74. WÄHLISCH Martin, XHARRA Behar (2010), Public Diplomacy od Kosovo Status Quo, Challenges and Options, Friedrich-Ebert-Foundation, Prishtina Office, Kosovo, http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/ bueros/kosovo/07845.pdf (18.10.2018).
• 75. WALKER Shaun (2018), Dua Lipa's father stages music festival for 'peace-loving' Kosovo, "The Guardian", 5.08.2018.
• 76. WALLER Michael (2009), Strategic Influence: Public Diplomacy, Counterpropaganda, and Political Warfare, Washington, DC.
• 77. ZEQIRI Daniel (2018), How Kosovo, 'Brazil of the Balkans', consoled a nation's disappointment, "The Telegraph", 29.11.2018.

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.5604/01.3001.0013.5849