Water Crises, Water Disputes and Water Cooperation: New Perspectives for Sino-Indian Relations

• Autorzy: Zhang Chunyan , Zeng Xiangyu
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Both China and India are suffering from a set of grave water crises involving water scarcity, imbalance in both space and time, low water use efficiency and rampant water pollution. Sino-Indian relations might suffer due to a 'concern' over the so-called 'diversion of the Yarlung Zangbo' and water resource development in Tibet. However, the two neighbours need to cultivate sincere water cooperation covering joint research in hydro-technology and water policy, business-to-business engagement and international cooperation on water issues. This will effectively help address the water challenges of both countries. The paper aims to outline the major water security challenges inside both China and India as well as potential conflict over water between them on the one hand, and to explore possible water cooperation between the two neighbours on the other. The major hypothesis is that domestic water security challenges for both China and India are real and severe, while the so-called water conflict between them is largely a played-up story. In this sense, the paper rejects the zero-sum realist framework and calls for a non-zero-sum liberalist approach for a better understanding of the water dynamics between China and India. (original abstract)

Słowa kluczowe

EN

Foreign policy; Water; Water resources development; Use of water resources; Management of water resources; Security; Safety risk identification

PL

Polityka zagraniczna; Woda; Gospodarowanie zasobami wody; Użytkowanie zasobów wodnych; Zarządzanie zasobami wodnymi; Bezpieczeństwo; Identyfikacja zagrożeń bezpieczeństwa

• Czasopismo: Stosunki Międzynarodowe
• Rocznik: 2017
• Tom: 53
• Numer: nr 3
• Strony: 143--161

Twórcy

autor

Zhang Chunyan

autor

Zeng Xiangyu

Bibliografia

• Robert Jervis, 'Cooperation Under the Security Dilemma', World Politics, Vol. 30, No. 2 (January 1978), pp. 167-214.
• John H. Herz, 'Idealist Internationalism and the Security Dilemma', World Politics, Vol. 2, No. 2 (January 1950), pp. 157-180.
• Robert Jervis, 'Cooperation Under the Security Dilemma', World Politics, Vol. 30, No. 2 (January 1978), pp. 167-214.
• Shen Dingli, 'Nuclear Proliferation and International Security', The Journal of World Economy and Politics, Vol. 2, 2008.
• Yan Xuetong, International Politics and China, Beijing: Peking University Press, 2005.
• Zeng Xiangyu, Non-Conventional Security and Sustainable Development: A Study on Water and Energy Security in India, Beijing: Current Affairs Press, 2017.
• Li Zhifei, 'Climate Change and Water Security in China's Periphery', The Journal of International Studies, Vol. 4, 2015.
• 'Analysis on Water Resource Security Relations in China's Periphery', Journal of International Security Studies, Vol. 3, 2015.
• 'The Water Resources Security in Sino-India Territory Dispute', South Asian Studies Quarterly, Vol. 4, 2013.
• Robert Jervis, 'Cooperation Under the Security Dilemma', World Politics, Vol. 30, No. 2 (January 1978), pp. 167-214.
• Wang Zhijian, International Law on River, Law Press China, 2012.
• Wang Zhijian, Water Hegemony, Security Order and Mechanism Building, Social Sciences Academic Press (China), 2015.
• Alexander Wendt, Social Theory of International Politics, Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. 246-312.
• Yang Xiaoping, 'Go Beyond the "Scarcity-Conflict" Paradigm: Transboundary Water Resource Issue between China and India', International Forum, No. 4, 2012.
• Alexander Wendt, Social Theory of International Politics, Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. 246-312.
• Water Security for India: The External Dynamics (IDSA Task Force, New Delhi: Institute of Defense and Analysis, September 2010.
• Irrigation in Southern and Eastern Asia in Figures-India, Aquastat Survey, 2011, p. 5, available at: http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/main/index.stm.
• Wilson John, 'Water Security in South Asia: Issues and Policy Recommendations', ORF Issue Brief, No. 26, February 2011.
• Prasenjit Chowdhury, 'Mismanagement of Water Resources', Deccan Herald, 18 April 2014.
• Irrigation in Southern and Eastern Asia in Figures-India, Aquastat Survey, 2011, p. 16.
• https://data.worldbank. org/indicator/ER.H2O.INTR.PC?name_desc=false.
• Communiqué on Water Resource in China 2016, p. 1, Chinese Ministry of Water Resources, 11 July 2017, available at: http://www.mwr.gov.cn/sj/tjgb/szygb/201707/t20170711_955305.html.
• Irrigation in Southern and Eastern Asia in Figures-China, Aquastat Survey, 2011, p. 10, available at http://www.fao.org/nr/water/aquastat/main/index.stm.
• 'Mr. Hu Siyi, Deputy Minister for Water Resources, Interprets the 'State Council's Decree on Practicing a Most Strident Water Resource Regulation System', 6 April 2012, available at: http://www.mwr.gov.cn/ zwzc/zcfg/jd/201204/t20120416_318845.html.
• World Bank, India's Water Economy: Bracing for a Turbulent Future, Washington, DC: World Bank, 2005, p. 1, available at: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2005/12/6552362/india-indiaswater-economy-bracing-turbulent-future.
• Irrigation in Southern and Eastern Asia in Figures-India, Aquastat Survey, 2011, p. 3.
• Water Stewardship for Industries: The Need for a Paradigm Shift in India, World Wildlife Fund, 2013, p. 23.
• Irrigation in Southern and Eastern Asia in Figures-India, Aquastat Survey, 2011, pp. 9-11, 14, 17.
• Inderjeet Singh, 'Ecological Implications of the Green Revolution', Seminar, No. 626, October 2011, p. 41.
• Rumi Aijaz, 'Water Crisis in Delhi', Seminar, No. 626, October 2011, p. 44.
• Wilson John, 'Water Security in South Asia: Issues and Policy Recommendations', ORF Issue Brief, No. 26, February 2011, p. 4.
• http://www.mwr.gov.cn/ zwzc/zcfg/jd/201204/t20120416_318845.html.
• Communiqué on Water Resources in China 2013, p. 6, Chinese Ministry of Water Resources, 20 Novem ber 2014, available at: http://www.mwr.gov.cn/zwzc/hygb/szygb/qgszygb/201411/t20141120_582980.html.
• Communiqué on Water Resource in China 2016, p. 3, Chinese Ministry of Water Resources, 11 July 2017, available at: http://www.mwr.gov.cn/sj/tjgb/szygb/201707/t20170711_955305.html.
• State Council's Decree on Practicing a Most Strident Water Resource Regulation System, 16 February 2012, available at: http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2012-02/16/content_2067664.htm.
• Rumi Aijaz, 'Water Crisis in Delhi,' Seminar, No. 626, October 2011, p. 45.
• Prasenjit Chowdhury, 'Mismanagement of Water Resources', Deccan Herald, 18 April 2014, http:// www.deccanherald.com/content/3046/mismanagement-water-resources.html.
• Uttam Kumar Sinha, 'Examining China's Hydro-Behaviour: Peaceful or Assertive?', Strategic Analysis, 2012, No. 1, p. 42.
• IDSA Task Force, Water Security for India: The External Dynamics, New Delhi: Institute of Defense and Analysis, September 2010, p. 89.
• P. Stobdan, 'China Should not Use Water as a Threat Multiplier', IDSA Comment, 23 October 2009.
• Lan Jianxue, 'Water Resource Security and Sino-Indian Relations,' South Asian Studies, No. 2, 2008, p. 27.
• P. K. Gautam, 'Sino-Indian Water Issues', Strategic Analysis, 2008, No. 6, pp. 969, 972.
• http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/2649_665393/t1042798.shtml.
• http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/ wjdt_665385/2649_665393/t1265496.shtml.
• https://www.telegraphindia.com/1120305/jsp/frontpage/story_15212624.jsp.
• http://www. business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/pm-did-grave-injustice-to-people-of-assam-gogoi-115051901448_1.html.
• http://idsa.in/idsacomments/DamsinArunachalPradesh_mbisht_010210.
• IDSA Task Force, Water Security for India: The External Dynamics, New Delhi: Institute of Defense and Analysis, September 2010, p. 51.
• Hari Bansh Jha, 'Diversion of the Brahmaputra: Myth or Reality?, IDSA Comment, 9 August 2011, http://idsa.in/idsacomments/DiversionoftheBrahmaputraMythorReality_hbjha_090811.
• Hu Xuecui, 'Dispute over Yarlung Zangbo', China Energy News, June 27, 2012, http://www.chinapower.com.cn/newsarticle/1161/new1161781.asp.
• Nishit Dholabhai, 'BJP Seeks Water Treaty', The Telegraph, March 4, 2012, https://www.telegraphindia.com/1120305/jsp/frontpage/story_15212624.jsp.
• http://www.nsbd.gov.cn/zx/gcgh/.
• http://www.nsbd.gov.cn/zx/rdht/201107/t20110701_187339. html.
• http://www.ycwb.com/ePaper/ycwb/html/2009-05/26/content_507551.htm.
• 'Ministry of Water Resource: China at Present Has No Design of Yarlung Zangbo Water Diversion Project', Xinhua News online, 13 October 2011, http://news.xinhuanet.com/society/2011-10/13/c_122153872.htm.
• IDSA Task Force, Water Security for India: The External Dynamics, New Delhi: Institute of Defense and Analysis, September 2010, pp. 42, 48-51.
• Uttam Kumar Sinha, Riverine Neighbourhood: Hydro-politics in South Asia, New Delhi: Pentagon Press, 2016, pp. 126-128.
• 'India-China Riparian Relations: Towards Rationality', IDSA website, 16 January 2015, http://idsa.in/event/IndiaChinaRiparianRelations_uksinha.html.
• V. Ratna Reddy, Water Security and Management: Ecological Imperatives and Policy Options, New Delhi: Academic Foundation, 2009, pp. 100-101.
• Yang Xiaoping, 'Go Beyond the "Scarcity-Conflict" Paradigm: Transboundary Water Resource Issue between China and India', International Forum, No. 4, 2012, p. 38.