Income Gap between the New and Old EU Member States and Its Determinants in the Period 1996-2017

• Autorzy: Izabela Młynarzewska-Borowiec

Warianty tytułu

Luka dochodowa między nowymi i starymi krajami członkowskimi Unii Europejskiej i jej uwarunkowania w okresie 1996-2017

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

In the period 1996-2017 there was a significant progress in reducing income disparities between the new member countries of the EU (EU-13) and the old EU member states (EU-15). The successes of individual new EU members in overcoming their income distance to Western Europe were diversified. It can be assumed that the catching-up process depends on the differentiated set of GDP per capita determinants. The main purpose of this paper is to verify this hypothesis. The examination confirms that the growth of GDP per capita in the countries that have diminished their income gap to the greatest extent (Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Poland, and Slovakia) was mainly shaped by their human capital resources, the degree of technological advancement of exports and quality of institutions, while the countries where divergence tendencies were observed (Cyprus, Malta) revealed much stronger influence of traditional growth factors (population growth, capital accumulation). The study uses econometric methods, especially cross-sectional and panel growth regression models. (original abstract)

W okresie 1996-2017 nastąpił znaczny postęp w zakresie zmniejszania się różnic poziomu PKB per capita między nowymi krajami członkowskimi UE (UE-13) i starymi krajami członkowskimi (UE-15). Sukcesy poszczególnych nowych krajów członkowskich w pokonywaniu dystansu dochodowego do Europy Zachodniej były jednak zróżnicowane. Można przypuszczać, że zależały one w dużej mierze od zróżnicowanego zestawu czynników determinujących poziom ich PKB per capita i jego wzrost. Głównym celem artykułu jest weryfikacja powyższej hipotezy. Przeprowadzone badania potwierdzają, że PKB per capita krajów, które w największym stopniu zmniejszyły swój dystans do najbogatszych krajów UE (Litwa, Łotwa, Estonia, Polska i Słowacja), kształtowały głównie zasoby kapitału ludzkiego, stopień zaawansowania technologicznego eksportu i jakość instytucji. Natomiast kraje, w których zaobserwowano tendencje dywergencyjne (Cypr i Malta), ujawniają znacznie większy wpływ tradycyjnych czynników wzrostu gospodarczego (tj. wzrostu liczby ludności i akumulacji kapitału). W pracy zastosowano metody ekonometryczne, w szczególności przekrojowe i panelowe regresje wzrostu. (abstrakt oryginalny)

Słowa kluczowe

EN

Gross domestic product (GDP); Wage gap; Economic convergence; Regression analysis; International comparisons

PL

Produkt krajowy brutto (PKB); Luka płacowa; Konwergencja gospodarcza; Analiza regresji; Porównania międzynarodowe

• Czasopismo: Ekonomista
• Rocznik: 2020
• Numer: nr 3
• Strony: 401--430

Twórcy

autor

Izabela Młynarzewska-Borowiec

• Kazimierz Pułaski University of Technology and Humanities in Radom, Poland

Bibliografia

• Acemoglu D., Johnson S., Robinson J.A. (2005), The Rice of Europe: Atlantic Trade, Institutional Change and Economic Growth, "American Economic Review", no. 95(3), pp. 546-579.
• Acemoglu D., Robinson J.A. (2006), Economic Backwardness in Political Perspective, "American Political Science Review", no. 100, pp. 115-131.
• Adamczyk-Łojewska G. (2011), Problemy konwergencji i dywergencji ekonomicznej na przykładzie krajów Unii Europejskiej, w tym Polski, "Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu. Ekonomia", no. 211, pp. 57-76.
• Aiyar S. et al. (2013), Growth Slowdowns and the Middle-Income Trap, "IMF Working Paper", no. WP/13/71.
• Agenor PR., Canuto O., Jelenie M. (2012), Avoiding Middle-Income Growth Traps, "Economic Premise", no. 98, pp. 1-7.
• Barro R., Sala-i-Martin X. (2003), Economic Growth, The MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
• Barro R., Sala-i-Martin X. (2003), Technological Diffusion, Convergence, and Growth, "Journal of Economic Growth", no. 2(1), pp. 1-26.
• Barro R. (1996), Institutions and Growth: An Introductory Essay, "Journal of Economic Growth", no. 1(2), pp. 145-148.
• Batog J. (2010), Konwergencja dochodowa w krajach Unii Europejskiej. Analiza ekonome-tryczna, "Rozprawy i Studia", no. 780.
• Ben-David D., Loewy M.B. (1998), Free Trade, Growth and Convergence, "Journal of Economic Growth", no. 3, pp. 143-170.
• Borsi Т., Metiu N. (2013), The Evolution of Economic Convergence in the European Union, Deutsche Bundesbank, Discussion Paper, no. 28.
• Cavenaile L., Dubois D. (2011),^4n Empirical Analysis of Income Convergence in the European Union, "Applied Economic Letters", no. 18, pp. 1705-1708.
• Dauerstadt M. (2014), Convergence in Crisis: European Integration in Jeopardy, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, International Policy Analysis, Berlin.
• Docquier F. (2014), Identifying the Effect of Institutions on Economic Growth, in: Schmie-gelow H., Schmiegelow M. (eds.), Institutional Competition between Common Law and Civil Law: Theory and Practice, Springer, de Louvain, pp. 25-40.
• Eichengreen В., Park D., Shin K. (2011), When Fast Growing Economies Slow Down: International Evidence and Implications for China, NBER Working Paper, no. 16919.
• Eichengreen В., Park, D., Shin K. (2013), Growth Slowdowns Redux: New Evidence on the Middle-Income Trap, NBER Working Paper, no. 18673.
• Engerman S.L., Sokoloff K.L. (2000), History Lessons: Institutions, Factor Endowments, and Path of Development in the World, "Journal of Economic Perspectives", no.l4(3), pp. 217-232.
• European Commission (2000), The impact of ageing on public expenditure: projections for the EU-25 Member States on pensions, healthcare, long-term care, education and unemployment transfers (2004-50), "European Economy", Special Report, no.l.
• European Commission (2008), The 2009Ageing Report: Underlying Assumptions and Projections Methodologies for EU-27 Member States (2007-2060), "European Economy", no. 7.
• European Commission (2008), Economic Forecast Spring 2009, "European Economy", no. 3.
• European Commission (2015), The 2015 Ageing Report, "European Economy", no. 3.
• Felipe J., Abdon A., Kumar U. (2012), Tracking the Middle-income Trap: What Is It, Who Is in It, and Why?, Levy Economics Institute of Board College Working Paper, no. 715.
• Fetahi-Vehapia M., Sadikub L., Petkovskic M. (2015), Empirical Analysis of the Effects of Trade Openness on Economic Growth: An Evidence for South East European Coun-tries, "Procedia Economics and Finance", no. 19, pp. 17-26.
• Gligorić M. (2014), Paths of Income Convergence Between Country Pair Within Europe, "Economic Annals", no. 201, pp. 123-155.
• Grela M. et al. (2017), Is Central and Eastern Europe converging towards the EU-15?, NBP Working Paper, no. 264.
• Grossman G., Helpman E. (1991), Innovation and Growth in the Global Economy, MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
• Grossman G., Helpman E. (1990), Trade, Knowledge Spillovers and Growth, NBER Working Papers, no. 348.
• Grzelak A., Kujaczyńska M. (2013), Real convergence of the European Union members states - evaluation attempt, "Management" 2013, no. 17(1), pp. 393-404.
• Hall R.E., Jones C.I. (1999), Why do some countries produce so much more output per worker than others?, "The Quarterly Journal of Economics", no. 114(1), pp. 83-116.
• Halmai P., Vasary V. (2010), Real convergence in the new Member States of the European Union (Shorter and longer term prospects), "The European Journal of Comparative Economics", no. 7(1), pp. 229-253.
• Kacprzyk A., Doryń W. (2017), Innovation and economic growth in old and new member states of the European Union, "Economic Research - Ekonomska Istrazivanja", no. 30(1), pp. 229-253.
• Kaitila V. (2013), Convergence, Income Distribution and the Economic Crisis in Europe, ETLA Working Paper, no. 14.
• Kaitila V, Alho K.E., Nikula N. (2007), Growth Prospects of Emerging Market Economies in Europe - How Fast Will They Catch up with the Old West?, The Research Institute of the Finnish Economy, Discussion Paper, no. 1115, Helsinki.
• Khalilov L., Yi CD. (2018), Determinants of Economic Development in the Former Soviet Union and Central Eastern European Countries, "Journal of International Trade & Commerce", no. 14(3), pp. 135-155.
• Mankiw N.G., Romer D., Weil D. (1992), A Contribution to the Empirics of Economic Growth, "Quarterly Journal of Economics", no. 107, pp. 407-437.
• Matkowski Z., Próchniak M. (2004), Real Economic Convergence in the EU Accession Countries, "International Journal of Applied Econometrics and Quantitative Studies", no. 1-3, pp. 293-320.
• Matkowski Z., Próchniak M. (2005), Zbieżność rozwoju gospodarczego w krajach Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej i w stosunku do Unii Europejskiej, "Ekonomista", no. 3, pp. 293-320.
• Matkowski Z., Próchniak M., Rapacki R. (2016), Real Income Convergence between Central Eastern and Western Europe: Past, Present, and Prospects, "Ekonomista", no. 6 pp. 853-892.
• Młynarzewska-Borowiec (2018), Determinants of the real convergence process in the European Union -A panel analysis for 2004-2015, "Argumenta Oeconomica", no. 1(40), pp. 345-363.
• Pilinkiene V. (2016), Trade Openness, Economic Growth and Competitiveness. The Case of the Central and Eastern European Countries, "Engineering Economics", no. 27(2), pp. 185-194.
• Pop Silaghi M.I. et al. (2014), Do Business and Public Sector Research and Development Expenditures Contribute to Economic Growth in Central and Eastern European Countries? A Dynamic Panel Estimation, "Economic Modelling", Elsevier, no. 36 (C), pp. 108-119.
• Próchniak M. (2011), Determinants of economic growth in Central and Eastern Europe: the global crisis perspective, "Post-Communist Economies", no. 23(4), pp. 449-468.
• Rapacki R., Próchniak M. (2014), Wpływ członkostwa w Unii Europejskiej na wzrost gospodarczy i realną konwergencję krajów Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej, "Ekonomia", no. 39, pp. 87-122.
• Rodrick D. (2002), Institutions, integration, and geography: in search of the deep determinants of economic growth, Weatherhead Center for International Affairs, Harvard University, http://www.tinyurl.com/mdm5yks (access: 12.02.2019).
• Simionescu M. (2014), Testing Sigma Convergence Across EU-28, "Economics and Sociology", no. 7(1), pp. 48-60.
• Simionescu M. (2018), What Drives Economic Growth in Some CEE Countries?, "Studia Universitatis "Vasile Goldis" Arad. Economics Series", no. 28(1), pp. 29-40.
• Solow R. (1956), A Contribution to the Theory of Economic Growth, "Quarterly Journal of Economics" 1956, no.70(l), pp. 65-94.
• Spruk R. (2011), Productivity and Income Convergence in Transition: Theory and Evidence from Central Europe, MPRA Paper, no. 33389.
• St anisic N. (2012), The Effects of the Economic Crisis on Income Convergence in the European Union, "Acta Oeconomica", no. 62, pp. 161-182.
• Stawicka M.K. (2012), Perspektywy zrównania poziomu rozwoju gospodarczego Polski i Unii Europejskiej. Prognoza na lata 2010-2040, "Zarządzanie i Edukacja" 2012, no. 82, pp. 33-44.
• Tatomir C.F., Alexe I. (2011), Laggards or performers? CEE vs. PIIGS countries' catch up with the Euro area in the last ten years, "Theoretical and Applied Economics", no. 3 (612), pp. 19-28.
• Terzić L. (2017), Does institutional environment affect the economic development? Evidence from selected CEE countries, "Theoretical and Applied Economics", no. 3(612), pp. 19-28.
• Valeriani E., Peluso S. (2011), The impact of institutional quality on economic growth and development: Empirical evidence, "Journal of Knowledge Management, Economics and Information Technology", no. 6, pp. 1-25.
• Vojinovic В., Oplotnik Z.J. (2008), Real convergence in the NewEU Member States, "Prague Economic Papers", no.l, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227473525_Real_convergence_in_the_New_Eu_Member_States (access: 23.11.2019).
• Vojinovic В., Oplotnik Z.J., Próchniak M. (2010), EU enlargement and real economic convergence, "Post-Communist Economies", no. 22(3), pp. 303-322.
• Walczak E. (2012), Czynniki wzrostu gospodarczego w krajach Unii Europejskiej, "Wiadomości Statystyczne", no. 4, pp. 65-83.
• Wielki J., Sytnik I., Sytnik B. (2018), Analysis of the openness level and EU integration trends in the development of Polish economy, "Journal of International Studies", no. 11(2), pp. 267-287.