Political Will, Political Skill, Network Resources and Personal Reputation : A Serial Two-Mediator Model

• Autorzy: Orkun Demirbağ , Hale Cide Demir , Uğur Yozgat
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Purpose: Although social capital and positive reputation in organizations are essential for career success, there is a limited perspective in the literature on the political characteristics (motivation and ability) that enable one to acquire and develop the two elements. This study seeks to investigate the sequential role of political skill and network resources as serial mediators of the political will-personal reputation relationship.

Methodology: In total, what provided data for the study were 457 sales executives from 13 different sectors in the cities of İstanbul, Kocaeli, and Bursa, which is an economically leading region of western Turkey. Executives rated their political will, political skill network resources, and personal reputation. Based on the complementary theories of political influence, social network, and signaling, we analyzed the relationships between constructs with structural equation modeling.

Findings: Political skill mediated the relationship between political will and network resources, network resources mediated the relationship between political skill and personal reputation, while political skill and network resources sequentially mediated the relationship between political will and personal reputation.

Implications: The data were collected from a single source.

Practical Implications: Political will, political skill training, and social networks may help individuals manage their personal reputation at work, thus benefiting their careers.

Originality/Value: This is one of the first studies to sequentially investigate how individuals' characteristics (motivation and ability) develop their social network and personal reputation at work. Moreover, theories of political influence, social capital, and signaling were jointly used for the first time ever. (original abstract)

Słowa kluczowe

EN

Politics; Social capital; Organisation

PL

Polityka; Kapitał społeczny; Organizacja

• Czasopismo: Central European Management Journal
• Rocznik: 2020
• Tom: 28
• Numer: nr 3
• Strony: 26--56

Twórcy

autor

Orkun Demirbağ

• Gumushane University

autor

Hale Cide Demir

• Kadir Has University

autor

Uğur Yozgat

• Nisantasi University

Bibliografia

• Ahearn, K.K., Ferris, G.R., Hochwarter, W.A., Douglas, C., and Ammeter, A.P. (2004). Leader political skill and team performance. Journal of Management, 30(3), 309-327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jm.2003.01.004.
• Ammeter, A.P., Douglas, C., Gardner, W.L., Hochwater, W.A., and Ferris, G.R. (2002). Toward a political theory of leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 13, 751-756. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(02)00157-1.
• Andrews, M.C., Kacmar, K.M. and Valle, M. (2016). Surface acting as a mediator between personality and attitudes. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 31(8), 1265-1279. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-11-2015-0414.
• Bentler, P.M. (1989). EQS Structural Equations Program Manual. BMDP, Los Angeles, CA.
• Bentley, J.R., Breland, J.W., Xu, N., Campion, E.D., and Treadway, D.C. (2015). The political skill and will of expatriates in acculturating to the politics of an organization in a new culture. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 49, 343-353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2015.06.002.
• Beyerlein, K. and Hipp, J. (2006). From pews to participation: the effect of congregation activity and context on bridging civic engagement. Social Problems, 53(1), 97-117. https://doi.org/10.1525/sp.2006.53.1.97.
• Blass, F.R. and Ferris, G.R. (2007). Leader reputation: The role of mentoring, political skill, contextual learning and adaptation. Human Resource Management, 46, 5-19. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.20142.
• Blickle, G., Kramer, J., Zettler, I., Momm, T., Summers, J.K., Munyon, T.P. and Ferris, G.R. (2009). Job demands as a moderator of the political skill-job performance relationship. Career Development International, 14(4), 333-350, https://doi.org/10.1108/13620430910979835.
• Blickle, G., John, J., Ferris, G.R., Momm, T., Liu, Y., Haag, R., Meyer, G., Weber, K. and Oerder, K. (2012). Fit of political skill to the work context: a two-study investigation. Applied Psychology, 61, 295-322. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2011.00469.x.
• Blickle, G., Schneider, P.B., Liu, Y. and Ferris, G.R. (2011). A predictive investigation of reputation as mediator of the political-skill/career-success relationship. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 41, 3026-3048. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.2011.00862.x.
• Blickle, G., Schütte, N., and Wihler, A. (2018). Political will, work values, and objective career success: A novel approach - The Trait-Reputation-Identity Model. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 107, 42-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2018.03.002.
• Blombäck, A. and Botero, I.C. (2013). "Reputational capital in family firms: understanding uniqueness from the stakeholder's point of view". In: K.X. Smyrnios, P.Z. Poutziouris, and S. Goel (eds.), Handbook of Research on Family Business, 2nd ed., Northampton: Edward Elgar Publishing, MA, 677-693.
• Bolander, W., Satornino, C.B., Hughes, D.E., and Ferris, G.R. (2015). Social networks within sales organizations: their development and importance for salesperson performance. Journal of Marketing, 79(6), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1509/jm.14.0444.
• Borgatti, S.P. and Foster, P.C. (2003). The network paradigm in organizational research: A review and typology. Journal of Management, 29(6), 991-1013. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0149-2063(03)00087-4.
• Bozioneles, N. (2003). Intra-organizational network resources: Relation to career success and personality. The International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 11(1), 41-66. https://doi.org/10.1108/eb028962.
• Bozioneles, N. and Wang, L. (2006). The relationship of mentoring and network resources with career success in the Chinese organizational environment. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 17(9), 1531-1546. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585190600878345.
• Bozionelos, N. (2015). Social capital and careers: Indisputable evidence and note for caution. In: A. De Vos and B.I.J.M. Van der Heijden (eds.), Handbook of Research on Sustainable Careers, 67-82. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
• Brass, D.J. (2001). Social capital and organizational leadership. In: S.J. Zaccaro and R.J. Klimoski (eds.), The nature of organizational leadership. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
• Brass, D.J., and Krackhardt, D. (2012). Power, politics, and social networks in organizations. In: G.R. Ferris and D.C. Treadway (eds.), In politics in organizations: theory and research considerations, 355-375. New York, NY: Routledge/Taylor and Francis.
• Breland, J.W., Treadway, D.C., Duke, A.B., and Adams, G.L. (2007). The interactive effect of leader- member exchange and political skill on subjective career success. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 13(3), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1177/10717919070130030101.
• Brislin, R.W. (1986). A culture general assimilator: Preparation for various types of sojourns. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 10(2), 215-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/0147-1767(86)90007-6.
• Brouer, R.L., Douglas, C., Treadway, D.C., and Ferris, G.R. (2013). Leader political skill, relationship quality, and leadership effectiveness: a two-study model test and constructive replication. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 20(2), 185-198, https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051812460099.
• Burt, R.S. (1992). Structural holes: The social structure of competition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
• Burt, R.S. (1997). The contingent value of social capital. Administrative Science Quarterly, 42(2), 339-365. https://doi.org/10.2307/2393923.
• Burt, R.S. (2005). Brokerage and closure. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
• Byrne, B.M. (2001). Structural equation modeling with Amos: Basic concepts, applications, and programming. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
• Cannings, K., and Montmarquette, C. (1991). Managerial momentum: a simultaneous model of the career progress of male and female managers. ILR Review, 44(2), 212-228. https://doi.org/10.1177/001979399104400202.
• Carpenter, M.A., Li, M., and Jiang, H. (2012). Social network research in organizational contexts: a systematic review of methodological issues and choices. Journal of Management, 38(4), 1328-1361. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206312440119.
• Coleman, J.S. (1988). Social capital in the creation of human capital. American Journal of Sociology, 94, 95-120. https://doi.org/10.1086/228943.
• Coombs, W.T., and Holladay, S.J. (2002). Helping crisis managers protect reputational assets: initial tests of the situational crisis communication theory. Management Communication Quarterly, 16(2), 165-186. https://doi.org/10.1177/089331802237233.
• Diamantopoulos, A. and Siguaw, J.A. (2000). Introducing LISREL, Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Doldor, E., Anderson, D. and Vinnicombe, S. (2013). Refining the concept of political will. British Journal of Management, 24, 414-427. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2012.00812.x.
• Drory, A. (1993). Perceived political climate and job attitudes. Organization Studies, 14(1), 59-71. https://doi.org/10.1177/017084069301400105.
• Eby, L.T. (1997). Alternative forms of mentoring in changing organizational environments: A conceptual extension of the mentoring literature. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 51: 125-144. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1997.1594.
• Edelman, L.F., Bresnen, M., Newell, S., Scarbrough, H., and Swan, J. (2004). The benefits and pitfalls of social capital: Empirical evidence from two organizations in the United Kingdom. British Journal of Management, 15, 59-69. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2004.00400.x.
• Efron, B., and Tibshirani, R.Ž. (1993). An Introduction to the Bootstrap. New York: Chapman and Hall.
• Ellen, B.P., Ferris, G.R., and Buckley, M.R. (2013). Leader political support: Reconsidering leader political behavior. The Leadership Quarterly, 24(6), 842-857. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2013.10.007.
• Fang, R., Chi, L., Chen, M. and Baron, R.A. (2015), Bringing political skill into social networks: findings from a field study of entrepreneurs. Journal of Management Studies, 52: 175-212. https://doi.org/10.1111/joms.12107.
• Ferris, G.R., Harris, J.N., Russell, Z.A., Ellen, B. P. III, Martinez, A.D. and Blass, F.R. (2014). The role of reputation in the organizational sciences: a multi-level review, construct assessment, and research directions. In: M.R. Buckley, A.R. Wheeler, J.R.B. Halbesleben (eds.), Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 32, 241-303.
• Ferris, G.R., Blass, F.R., Douglas, C., Kolodinsky, R.W., and Treadway, D.C. (2003). Personal reputation in organizations. In: J. Greenberg (ed.), Organizational behavior: The state of the science. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
• Ferris, G.R., Blickle, G., Schneider, P.B., Kramer, J., Zettler, I., Solga, J., Meurs, J.A. (2008). Political skill construct and criterion-related validation: A two-study investigation. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 23, 744-771. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940810896321.
• Ferris, G.R., Kolodinsky, R.W., Hochwater, W.A. and Frink, D.D. (2001). Conceputalization, measurement, and validation of the political skill construct. Paper presented at the Academy of Management, 61st National Meeting, Washington, DC.
• Ferris, G.R., Liden, R.C., Munyon, T.P., Summers, J.K., Basik, K.J., and Buckley, M.R. (2009). Relationships at work: Toward a multidimensional conceptualization of dyadic work relationships. Journal of Management, 35(6), 1379-1403, https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206309344741.
• Ferris, G.R., Perrewé, P.L., Anthony, W.P., and Gilmore, D.C. (2000). Political skill at work. Organizational Dynamics, 28(4), 25-37.
• Ferris, G.R., Treadway, D.C., Kolodinsky, R.W., Hochwarter, W.A., Kacmar, C.J., Douglas, C., and Frink, D.D. (2005). Development and Validation of the Political Skill Inventory. Journal of Management, 31(1), 126-152. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206304271386.
• Ferris, G.R., Treadway, D.C., Perrewe, P.L., Brouer, R.L., Douglas, C. and Lux, S. (2007). Political skill in organizations. Journal of Management, 33(3), 290-320. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206307300813.
• Ferris, G., Ellen, B., III, McAllister, C., and Maher, L. (2019). Reorganizing organizational politics research: A review of the literature and identification of future research directions. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 6, 299-323, https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012218-015221.
• Fornell, C., and Larcker, D.F. (1981). Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error: Algebra and Statistics. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(3), 382-388. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800313.
• Forret, M.L., and Dougherty, T.W. (2001). Correlates of networking behavior for managerial and professional employees. Group and Organization Management, 26(3), 283-311. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601101263004.
• Forret, M.L., and Dougherty, T.W. (2004). Networking behaviors and career outcomes: differences for men and women? Journal of Organizational Behavior, 25(3), 419-437. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.253.
• Galaskiewicz, J., and Shatin, D. (1981). Leadership and networking among neighborhood human service organizations. Administrative Science Quarterly, 26(3), 434-448. https://doi.org/10.2307/2392516.
• Gill, A., Lapalme, M., and Séguin, M. (2014). When politics meets ethics: how political skill helps ethical leaders foster organizational citizenship behaviors. Journal of Managerial Issues, 26(3), 204-218, www.jstor.org/stable/44113637.
• Granger, S., Neville, L. and Turner, N. (2020), Political knowledge at work: Conceptualization, measurement, and applications to follower proactivity. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 93: 431-471. https:/doi:10.1111/joop.12293.
• Granovetter, M. (1985). Economic action and social structure: The problem of embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology, 91(3), 481-510. https://doi.org/10.1086/228311.
• Granovetter, M.S. (1973). The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology, 78(6), 1360-1380. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-442450-0.50025-0.
• Hall, A.T., Zinko, R., Perryman, A.A., and Ferris, G.R. (2009). Organizational Citizenship Behavior and Reputation: Mediators in the Relationships Between Accountability and Job Performance and Satisfaction. Journal of Leadership and Organizational Studies, 15(4), 381-392. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051809331504.
• Harris, J.N., Maher, L.P., and Ferris, G.R. (2016). The roles of political skill and political will in job performance prediction: A moderated nonlinear perspective. In: E. Vigoda-Gadot and A. Drory (eds.), Handbook of organizational politics: Looking back and to the future (pp. 15-39). Cheltenham: Elgar Publishing.
• Hatcher, L. (1994). A Step by Step Approach to Using the SAS System for Factor Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC.
• Henry, J. and Stone, A. (1994). Structural equation model of end user satisfaction with a computer- -based medical information system. Information Resources Management Journal, 7, 21-33. https://doi.org/10.4018/irmj.1994070102.
• Higgins, M.C., and Kram, K.E. (2001). Reconceptualizing mentoring at work: A developmental network perspective. Academy of Management Review, 26(2), 264-288. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2001.4378023.
• Hochwarter, W.A., Rosen, C.C., Jordan, S.L., Ferris, G.R., Ejaz, A., and Maher, L.P. (2020). Perceptions of Organizational Politics Research: Past, Present, and Future. Journal of Management. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206319898506.
• Hochwarter, W.A., Ferris, G.R., Zinko, R., Arnell, B. and James, M. (2007). Reputation as a moderator of the political behavior - work outcomes relationships: a two-study investigation with convergent results. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92, 567-76. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.2.567.
• Hochwarter, W.A., Witt, L.A., Treadway, D.C., and Ferris, G.R. (2006). The interaction of social skill and organizational support on job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(2), 482-489, https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.2.482.
• Hochwarter, W.A. (2012). The positive side of organizational politics. In: G.R. Ferris and D.C. Treadway (eds.), Politics in Organizations. Theory and Research Considerations. New York, NY: Routledge.
• Holland, J.L. (1973). Making Vocational Choices: A Theory of Vocational Personalities and Work Environments, 1st ed. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.
• House, R.J. (1995). Leadership in the twenty-first century. In: A. Howard (ed.), The changing nature of work. 411-450. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
• Hu, L.T. and Bentler, P.M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: a Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55, https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118.
• Huang, Y. (2020). The relationship between networking behavior and promotability: The moderating effect of political skill. Journal of Management and Organization, 26(2), 185-200. https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2017.53.
• Ibarra, H. (1993). Personal networks of women and minorities in management: A conceptual framework. Academy of Management Review, 18(1), 56-87, https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1993.3997507.
• Inkson, K. (2004). Images of career: nine key metaphors. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65(1), 96-111. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-8791(03)00053-8.
• Jafari, M., Akhavan, P., and Nourizadeh, M. (2013). Classification of human resources based on measurement of tacit knowledge: An empirical study in Iran. Journal of Management Development, 32(4), 376-403. https://doi.org/10.1108/02621711311326374.
• Joo, B.-K., Song, J.H., Lim, D.H., and Yoon, S.W. (2012). Team creativity: The effects of perceived learning culture, developmental feedback and team cohesion. International Journal of Training and Development, 16, 77-91. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2419.2011.00395.x.
• Kalaycı, Ş. (2006). SPSS uygulamalı çok değişkenli istatistik teknikleri (Vol. 2). Asil Yayın Dağıtım.
• Kaplan, D.M. (2008). Political choices: The role of political skill in occupational choice. Career Development International, 13, 46-55. https://doi.org/10.1108/13620430810849533.
• Kapoutsis, I., Papalexandris, A., Treadway, D.C., and Bentley, J. (2018). Measuring political will in organizations: Theoretical construct development and empirical validation. Corrigendum. Journal of Management, 44(3), 1279-1280. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206317745884.
• Kilduff, M., and Krackhardt, D. (1994). Bringing the individual back in: A structural analysis of the internal market for reputation in organizations. Academy of Management Journal, 37(1), 87-108. https://doi.org/10.5465/256771.
• Kilduff, M., and Tsai, W. 2003. Social networks and organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
• Kimura, T. (2015). A review of political skill: Current research trend and directions for future research. International Journal of Management Reviews, 17(3), 312-332. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12041. Vol. 28, No. 3/2020 DOI: 10.7206/cemj.2658-0845.26
• Political Will, Political Skill, Network Resources and Personal Reputation... CEMJ 53 Klein, K.J., Lim, B.C., Saltz, J.L., and Mayer, D.M. (2004). How do they get there? An examination of the antecedents of centrality in team networks. Academy of Management Journal, 47(6), 952-963. https://doi.org/10.5465/20159634.
• Kline, R.B. (2010). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York Guilford Press,.
• Kolodinsky, R. W., Hochwarter, W. A., and Ferris, G. R. (2004). Nonlinearity in the relationship between political skill and work outcomes: Convergent evidence from three studies. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 65, 294-308, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2003.08.002.
• Kram, K.E. (1985). Mentoring at work. Glenview. IL: Scott Foresman. Kranefeld, I., Blickle, G., and Meurs, J. (2020, April 30). Political Skill at Work and in Careers. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology. https://oxfordre.com/psychology/view/10.1093/acrefore/ 9780190236557.001.0001/acrefore 9780190236557-e-747 (26.05.2020
• Kwon, S.W., and Adler, P.S. (2014). Social capital: Maturation of a field of research. Academy of Management Review, 39, 412-422. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2014.0210.
• Laird, M.D., Perryman, A.A., Hochwarter, W.A., Ferris, G.R., and Zinko, R. (2009). The moderating effects of personal reputation on accountability-strain relationships. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 14(1), 70-83. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012567.
• Laird, M.D., Zboja, J.J., Martinez, A.D. and Ferris, G.R. (2013). Performance and political skill in personal reputation assessments. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 28(6), 661-676. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPM-10-2011-0097.
• Lee, S., Han, S., Cheong, M., Kim, S. L. and Yun, S. (2017). How do I get my way? A meta-analytic review of research on influence tactics, The Leadership Quarterly, 28(1), 210-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2016.11.001.
• Liao, H., Liu, D., and Loi, R. (2010). Looking at both sides of the social exchange coin: A social cognitive perspective on the joint effects of relationship quality and differentiation on creativity. Academy of Management Journal, 53, 1090-1109. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.54533207.
• Lin, N. (1999). Building a network theory of social capital. Connections, 22(1), 28-51.
• Liu, Y., Ferris, G.R., Zinko, R., Perrewé, P.L., Weitz, B., and Xu, J. (2007). Dispositional antecedents and outcomes of political skill in organizations: A four-study investigation with convergence. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 71, 146-165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2007.04.003.
• Lu, L.C., Chang, H.H., and Chang, A. (2015). Consumer personality and green buying intention: The mediate role of consumer ethical beliefs. Journal of Business Ethics, 127(1), 205-219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-013-2024-4.
• MacKinnon, D.P., Lockwood, C.M., and Williams, J. (2004). Confidence limits for the indirect effect: Distribution of the product and resampling methods. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 39(1), 99-128. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327906mbr3901_4.
• Maurer, I., Bartsch, V. and Ebers, M. (2011). The value of intra-organizational social capital: how it fosters knowledge transfer, innovation performance, and growth. Organization Studies, 32, 157-185. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840610394301.
• McAllister, C.P., Ellen, B.P., and Ferris, G.R. (2018). Social influence opportunity recognition, evaluation, and capitalization: Increased theoretical specification through political skill's dimensional dynamics. Journal of Management, 44, 1926-1952. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206316633747.
• McDaniel, M.A., and Snell, A.F. (1999). Holland's theory and occupational information. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 55(1), 74-85. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1999.1698.
• Mehra, A., Kilduff, M., and Brass, D.J. (2001). The social networks of high and low self-monitors: Implications for workplace performance. Administrative Science Quarterly, 46(1), 121-146. https://doi.org/10.2307/2667127.
• Mintzberg, H. (1983). Power in and around organizations. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall..
• Mintzberg, H. (1985). The organization as political arena. Journal of Management Studies, 22(2), 133-154. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.1985.tb00069.x.
• Momm, T., Blickle, G., Liu, Y., Wihler, A., Kholin, M. and Menges, J.I. (2015). It pays to have an eye for emotions: Emotion recognition ability indirectly predicts annual income, Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 36, 147-163. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1975.
• Mooney, C.Z. and Duval, R.D. (1993). Bootstrapping: A Nonparametric Approach to Statistical Inference (Vol. 95). Newbury Park, CA: Sage Publications.
• Munyon, T.P., Summers, J.S, Thompson, K.W. and Ferris, G.R. (2015). Political Skill and Work Outcomes: A Theoretical Extension, Meta-Analytic Investigation, and Agenda for the Future. Personnel Psychology, 68(1), 143-84. https://doi.org/10.1111/peps.12066.
• Nunnally, J.C. (1978). Psychometric theory (2nd ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
• Oerder, K., Blickle, G. and Summers, J. (2014). How work context and age shape political skill. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 29, 582-599. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-01-2013-0004.
• Perrewe, P.L. and Ve Nelson, D.L. (2004). The facilitative role of political skill. Organizational Dynamics, 33(4), 366-378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2004.09.004.
• Perrewé, P.L., Ferris, G.R., Stoner, J.S., and Brouer, R.L. (2007). The positive role of political skill in organizations. In: D.L. Nelson and C.L. Cooper (eds.), Positive organizational behavior: Accentuating the positive at work (pp. 117-128). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
• Pfeffer, J. (1981). Power in organizations. Marshfield, MA: Pitman.
• Phillips-Jones, L. (1982). Mentors and protégés. New York, NY: Arbor House. Establishing a formalized mentoring program. Training and Development Journal, 37(2), 38-42.
• Pillai, K.G., Hodgkinson, G.P., Kalyanaram, G., and Nair, S.R. (2017). The negative effects of social capital in organizations: A review and extension. International Journal of Management Reviews, 19, 97-124. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijmr.12085.
• Podsakoff, P.M., MacKenzie, S.B., Lee, J., and Podsakoff, N.P. (2003). Common methods biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88, 879-903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879.
• Portes, A. (1998). Social capital: its origins and applications in modern sociology. Annual Review of Sociology, 24, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.24.1.1.
• Post, L.A., Raile, A.N.W. and Raile, E.D. (2010). Defining Political Will. Politics and Policy, 38, 653-676. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2010.00253.x.
• Preacher, K.J., and Hayes, A.F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879-891. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879.
• Richardson, J. and Kelliher, C. (2015). Managing visibility for career sustainability: a study of remote workers. In: A. De Vos and B. Van der Heijden, Handbook of Research on Sustainable Careers, pp. 116-130. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing.
• Sanz-Valle, R. and Jiménez-Jiménez, D. (2018). HRM and product innovation: does innovative work behaviour mediate that relationship? Management Decision, 56(6), 1417-1429. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-04-2017-0404.
• Schulman, M.D., and Anderson, C. (1999). The dark side of the force: A case study of restructuring and social capital1. Rural Sociology, 64(3), 351-372. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1549-0831.1999.tb00357.x.
• Seibert, S.E., Kraimer, M.L., and Liden, R.C. (2001). A social capital theory of career success. Academy of Management Journal, 44(2), 219-237. https://doi.org/10.5465/3069452.
• Shi, J., Johnson, R.E., Liu, Y., and Wang, M. (2013). Linking subordinate political skill to supervisor dependence and reward recommendations: A moderated mediation model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 98(2), 374-384. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0031129.
• Smith, A.D., Plowman, D.A., Duchon, D., and Quinn, A.M. (2009). A qualitative study of high reputation plant managers: Political skill and successful outcomes. Journal of Operations Management, 27, 428-443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jom.2009.01.003.
• Sobel, M.E. (1982). Asymptotic confidence intervals for indirect effects in structural equation models. Sociological Methodology, 13, 290-312. https://www.jstor.org/stable/270723.
• Spence, M. (1973). Job market signaling, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 87(3), 355-374. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-214850-7.50025-5.
• Staw, B.M. (1981). The escalation of commitment to a course of action. Academy of Management Review, 6, 577-587. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1981.4285694.
• Templer, K.J. (2018). Dark personality, job performance ratings, and the role of political skill: An indication of why toxic people may get ahead at work. Personality and Individual Differences, 124, 209-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.11.030.
• Thompson, J.A. (2005). Proactive Personality and Job Performance: A Social Capital Perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(5), 1011-1017. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.90.5.1011.
• Treadway, D.C. (2012). Political will in organizations. In: G.R. Ferris and D.C. Treadway (eds.), Politics in organizations: Theory and research considerations. New York: Routledge/Taylor and Francis.
• Treadway, D.C., Adams, G.L., Ranft, A.L., and Ferris, G.R. (2009). A meso-level conceptualization of CEO celebrity effectiveness. The Leadership Quarterly, 20(4), 554-570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2009.04.008.
• Treadway, D.C., Breland, J.W., Adams, G.L., Duke, A.B., and Williams, L.A. (2010). The interactive effects of political skill and future time perspective on career and community networking behavior. Social Network, 32, 138-147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socnet.2009.09.004.
• Treadway, D.C., Campion, E.D. and Williams, L.V. (2017). Sensitivity and Adaptability in the Face of Powerlessness: The Roles of Political Will and Political Skill within the Experience of Powerlessness and its Impact on Stress-Related Outcomes, Power, Politics, and Political Skill in Job Stress. Research in Occupational Stress and Well Being, 15, Emerald Publishing Limited.
• Treadway, D.C., Hochwarter, W.A., Kacmar, C.J. and Ferris, G.R. (2005), Political will, political skill, and political behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavaviour, 26, 229-245. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.310.
• Tsui, A.S. (1984). A role set analysis of managerial reputation. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 34, 64-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(84)90037-0.
• Turulja, L. and Bajgoric, N. (2019). Innovation, firms' performance and environmental turbulence: is there a moderator or mediator? European Journal of Innovation Management, 22(1), 213-232. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJIM-03-2018-0064.
• Vigoda-Gadot, E., and Drory, A. (2016). Introduction: Back to the future of organizational politics. In: E. Vigoda-Gadot and A. Drory (eds.), Handbook of organizational politics: Looking back and to the future. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar.
• Wang, Z., McNally, R., and Lenihan, H. (2018). The role of social capital and culture on social decision-making constraints: A multilevel investigation. European Management Journal. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2018.04.004.
• Wei, L.-Q., Liu, J., Chen, Y.-Y. and Wu, L.-Z. (2010), Political Skill, Supervisor-Subordinate Guanxi and Career Prospects in Chinese Firms. Journal of Management Studies, 47, 437-454. https://10.1111/j.1467-6486.2009.00871.x.
• Wheaton, B., Muthen, B., Alwin, D.F., and Summers, G.F. (1977). Assessing Reliability and Stability in Panel Models. Sociological Methodology, 8(1), 84-136. https://www.jstor.org/stable/270754.
• Wright, J.P. (1979). On a Clear Ray You Can See General Motors. New York: Avon.
• Yang, J., Liu, C., Wang, C., and Zhang, Q. (2019). How Gender and Political Will Affect Employees' Social Network Embeddedness. Psychological Reports. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294119862993.
• Yılmaz, C. (1999). Salesforce Cooperation: The Impact of Relational, Task, Organizational and Personal Factors, PhD Thesis, Texas Tech University.
• Zellars, K.L., Perrewé, P.L., Rossi, A.M., Tepper, B.J. and Ferris, G.R. (2008). Moderating effects of political skill, perceived control, and job-related self-efficacy on the relationship between negative affectivity and physiological strain. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 29, 549-571. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.484.
• Zhai, Q., Wang, S., and Weadon, H. (2017). Thriving at work as a mediator of the relationship between workplace support and life satisfaction. Journal of Management and Organization, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2017.62.
• Zhang, M., Zheng, W. and Wei, J. (2009). Sources of social capital: effects of altruistic citizenship behavior and job involvement on advice network centrality. Human Resource Development Quarterly, 20, 195-217. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrdq.20015.
• Zhang, W., Johnson, T.J., Seltzer, T., and Bichard, S.L. (2009). The revolution will be networked: The influence of social networking sites on political attitudes and behavior. Social Science Computer Review, 28, 75-92. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439309335162.
• Zinko, R. (2013), Reputation, political skill, and strain. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43, 1750-1759. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12114.
• Zinko, R., and Rubin, M. (2015). Personal reputation and the organization. Journal of Management and Organization, 21(2), 217-236. https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2014.76.
• Zinko, R., Ferris, G.R., Blass, F.R. and Dana Laird, M. (2007). Toward a Theory of Reputation in Organizations. In: J.J. Martocchio (ed.), Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management (Research in Personnel and Human Resources Management, 26), Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Bingley, 163-204. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0742-7301(07)26004-9.
• Zinko, R., Ferris, G.R., Humphrey, S.E., Meyer, C.J. and Aime, F. (2012). Personal reputation in organizations: Two-study constructive replication and extension of antecedents and consequences. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 85, 156-180. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8325.2010.02017.x.
• Zinko, R., Gentry, W., Hall, A., and Grant, G. (2012). Reputational Change Among Managers. Journal of Managerial Issues, 24(1), 9-26, www.jstor.org/stable/43488120 (23.05.2020).
• Zinko, R., Gentry, W.A. and Laird, M.D. (2016). A development of the dimensions of personal reputation in organizations. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 24(4), 634-649. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-04-2015-0854.

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.7206/cemj.2658-0845.26