Immigrants in the Netherlands: Second-class Citizens? The Polish Case

• Autorzy: Violetta Gul-Rechlewicz
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

This article discusses significant problems faced by Polish citizens who live in the Netherlands and who declare their willingness to remain there for the coming years despite the unfair treatment directed towards them. The author elaborates on the history of Polish immigrants in the Netherlands after the Second World War in order to: (1) highlight the Poles' input into the liberation of the Netherlands during the war and the country's post-war development; and (2) show mutual, ambivalent Polish Dutch relations between the immigrants and the host society. Based on subject literature, Dutch scientific reports, analyses and surveys, the current situation of Poles is described in the light of unchanging and thus relatively similar problems (despite the passage of time) experienced by Poles living and working in the Netherlands.(original abstract)

Słowa kluczowe

EN

Immigration; Economic immigration; Discrimination

PL

Imigracja; Imigracja zarobkowa; Dyskryminacja

• Czasopismo: Studia Europejskie / Centrum Europejskie Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego
• Rocznik: 2020
• Numer: nr 3
• Strony: 109--128

Twórcy

autor

Violetta Gul-Rechlewicz

• Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce

Bibliografia

• 150 duizend inwoners van poolse herkomst (50 thousand inhabitants of Polish origin), 13 June 2016, https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/nieuws/2016/24/150-duizend-inwoners-van-poolse-herkomst (access 27.04.2020).
• 20 tot 40 procent migranten ervaart discriminatie bij banenjacht (20 to 40 percent of migrants experience discrimination in job hunting), https://www.nu.nl/economie/3683563/20-40-procent-migranten-ervaart-discriminatiebij-banenjacht.html (access 8.05.2020).
• 73. rocznica wyzwolenia Bredy przez Dywizję gen. Stanisława Maczka (73rd anniversary of the liberation of Breda by the Division of General Stanisław 64 See: M. Pacek, Migracje, mobilność, wielokulturowość - Holandia wobec problemów migracyjnych (Migration, mobility, multiculturalism - The Netherlands towards migration problems), "Studia Europejskie", no. 4/2016, pp. 10-12, http://www.ce.uw.edu.pl/pliki/pw/4-2016_pacek.pdf (access 9.05.2020).
• Article 3(2) of the Treaty on European Union (TEU); Art. 4(2a), art. 20, 26 and 45-48 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU).
• Balicki J., Amsterdamskie ABC (Amsterdam ABC), Wydawnictwo Iskry, Warszawa 1974.
• Bos-Karczewska M., Sytuacja polskiej migracji zarobkowej w Holandii a polityka państwa - nowe wyzwania (The situation of Polish labor migration in the Netherlands and state policy - new challenges), Emigration Affairs and Contacts with Poles Abroad Committee at the Senate of the Republic of Poland, Session on 18 March 2014.
• Bruquetas-Callejo M., Garcés-Mascareñas B., Penninx R., Scholten P., Migration policymaking in Europe: the dynamics of actors and contexts in past and present, The case of the Netherlands, Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam 2011.
• "Burgerperspectieven", no. 4/2013, SCP, December 2013.
• Buruma I., Granice tolerancji (Tolerance limits), "Newsweek" 14 October 2016, http://www.newsweek.pl/europa/granice-tolerancji,44920,1,1.html (access 8.05.2020).
• Central Archives of Modern Records (AAN), Ministry of Foreign Affairs, General Representative for Repatriation, Letter No 503 from the Central European Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to the Polish Military Mission in Berlin dated 16 October 1947.
• Dalen van H., Waroom waant Nederland zich Europees kampioen discriminatie? (Why does the Netherlands win European discrimination champion), http://www.mejudice.nl/artikelen/detail/waarom-waant-nederlandzich-europees-kampioen-discriminatie (access 18.03.2020).
• Directive 2004/38/EC on the right of citizens of the Union and their family members to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States.
• Eder W., Diaspora polska w Belgii i Holandii (Polish diaspora in Belgium and the Netherlands), in: Polska diaspora (Polish diaspora), eds. K. Kaczmarski, M. Krzysztofiński, Kraków 2003.
• Eder W., Polonia w krajach Beneluksu - Holandia (Polish community in the Benelux - The Netherlands), in: Polonia w Europie (Polonia in Europe), ed. B. Szydłowska-Ceglowa, Poznań 1992.
• Een op de drie Poolse migranten minstens vijf jaar in Nederland (One in three Polish migrants have lived in the Netherlands for at least five years), https:// nos.nl/artikel/2230252-een-op-de-drie-poolse-migranten-minstensvijf-jaar-in-nederland.html (access 11.03. 2020).
• European Islamophobia Report 2016, SETA, Foundation for Political, Economic and Social Research, Istanbul, Washington, Cairo 2016.
• https://nos.nl/artikel/2228737-polen-blijven-steeds-vaker-in-nederland.html (access 16.05.2020).
• https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/nieuws/2016/24/150-duizend-inwoners-van-poolse-herkomst (access 27.04.2020).
• https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/nieuws/2017/05/meer-personen-uit-oost-europaaan-het-werk-in-nederland (access 3.04.2019).
• https://www.dutchnews.nl/news/2018/04/polish-community-in-nl-workshard-for-low-pay-and-wants-to-stay/?utm_source=newsletter (access25.04.2020).
• https://www.kis.nl/sites/default/fi les/bestanden/Publicaties/Poolse-arbeidsmigranten-in-Nederland.pdf (access 12.05.2020).
• Jaarrapport integratie 2013, SCP 2014, 11 March 2014.
• Jansen D., Immigratie en integratie het grootse probleem van Nederland (Immigration and integration the biggest problem in the Netherlands), https://demonitor.kro-ncrv.nl/artikelen/immigratie-en-integratie-het-grootsteprobleem-van-nederland (access 21.06.2019).
• Korzewski M., O tolerancji w społeczeństwie i prawie holenderskim (On tolerance in society and Dutch law), Zakład Wydawniczy "Nomos", Kraków 2005.
• Lijphart A., The politics of accommodation: pluralism and democracy in The Netherlands, University of California Press, Berkeley 1968.
• Nadolny A., Polonia Holenderska (Polish community in the Netherlands), "Studia Polonijne", vol. I/1976.
• Pacek M., Migracje, mobilność, wielokulturowość - Holandia wobec problemów migracyjnych (Migration, mobility, multiculturalism - The Netherlands towards migration problems), "Studia Europejskie", no. 4/2016.
• Polish community in NL works hard for low pay and wants to stay, 24 April 2018, https://www.dutchnews.nl/news/2018/04/polish-community-in-nlworks-hard-for-low-pay-and-wants-to-stay/?utm_source=newsletter (access 25.04.2020).
• Polonia Zagraniczna 1929-1954. Księga Pamiątkowa w 25-lecie istnienia Światowego Związku Polaków z Zagranicy (Commemorative Book on the 25th anniversary of the World Union of Poles from abroad), London 1956.
• Radomski J.A., Demobilizacja Polskich Sił Zbrojnych na Zachodzie w latach 1945-1951 (Demobilization of the Polish Armed Forces in the West in 1945-1951), Księgarnia Akademicka, Kraków 2009.
• Regulation (EC) No 883/2004 on the coordination of social security systems and Regulation (EC) No 987/2009 laying down the procedure for implementing Regulation (EC) No 883/2004.
• Regulation (EU) No 492/2011 on freedom of movement for workers within the Union.
• Ridder de J., Andriessen I., Dekker P., Nederlanders dubbel over discriminatie (Dutch's duplicate approach to discrimination), "Burgerperspectieven", no. 2/2017, Sociaal en Cultureel Planbureau, 29 June 2017.
• Schmeets H., van Hoof M., Ontwikkelingen in ervaren nationale problemen (Development in experienced national problems), 2010-2014, Bevolkings trends, no. 6, CBS, The Hague 2016.
• Śledziński K., Czarna Kawaleria. Bojowy szlak pancernych Maczka (Black Cavalry. Maczek's armored battle route), Wydawnictwo Znak, Kraków 2011.
• Tekort aan mijnwerkers. Het Nederlandse element in mijnstreek gaat achteruit Shortage of miners. The Dutch element in the mining region is deteriorating), "Limburger Koerier", 13 August 1929.
• Tomkowski Z., Z dziejów Polonii w Europie. Geneza i charakterystyka Polonii (From the history of the Polish community in Europe. The origin and characteristics of Polonia), http://ziemia.pttk.pl/Ziemia/Artykul_1974_003. pdf, p. 20 (access 21.01.2020).
• Vink M., Dutch multiculturalism: Beyond the pillarisation myth, "Political Studies Review", no. 5/2007, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-9299.2007.00134.x
• Walsum van S., Poolse migranten zijn steeds vaker van plan in Nederland te blijven (Polish migrants are increasingly planning to stay in the Netherlands), 24 April 2018, https://www.volkskrant.nl/nieuws-achtergrond/poolse-migranten-zijn-steeds-vaker-van-plan-in-nederland-te-blijven~bc10c806/(access 22.04.2020).
• Wansink H., Zijn Nederlanders toleranter geworden tegenover migranten? (Have the Dutch become more tolerant towards migrants?), Volkskrant, 13 December 2017, https://www.volkskrant.nl/columns-opinie/zijnnederlanders-toleranter-geworden-tegenover-migranten-~bebf8a3f/(access 16.12.2019).
• Willems W., Verbeek Hanneke, Sto lat tęsknoty. Polacy w Holandii (One hundred years of longing. Poles in the Netherlands), Wydawnictwo DIG, Warsaw 2014.
• Żelichowski R., Stosunki polsko-holenderskie w Europie pojałtańskiej (Polish-Dutch relations in post-Yalta Europe), ISP PAN, Warsaw 2014.

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.33067/SE.3.2020.6