Historical Definition and Theorectial Background of Usury Loan Provisions

• Autorzy: Zuzana Chlumská
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

The thesis deals with usury and illegal lenders both on the domestic scene and abroad. The usury itself is defined by its characteristics, by adjudication and by historical connotations. The historical definition begins in Mesopotamia and ancient Rome, basically since the emergence of money. The aim of the paper is a comprehensive overview of usury, which from the legal perspective is not precisely defined as a term and the thesis tries to find such a definition with the help of case law and interpretation. The characteristics of usury that are described in the thesis are distress, the presence of a weaker party, mental weakness, and a gross disparity of performance. The thesis also describes the history of loan sharks and usury in the United States, where violence plays a considerable part in the issue. The paper also deals with the social background of usury and illegal lenders in the United Kingdom and outlines possible solutions to eradicate these phenomena in financially disadvantaged communities. In the end the thesis attempts to find unifying characteristics of usury across history and said countries. (original abstract)

Słowa kluczowe

EN

Usury; Loans; Crime

PL

Lichwa; Pożyczki; Przestępczość

• Czasopismo: e-Finanse
• Rocznik: 2021
• Tom: 17
• Numer: nr 1
• Strony: 28--40

Twórcy

autor

Zuzana Chlumská

• University of Finance and Administration, Prague Czech Republic

Bibliografia

• Barone, R., (2019). Cryptocurrency or Usury? Crime and Alternative Money laundering techniques. European Journal of Law and Economics, Vol. 47, Issue 2, No. 3, 233-254.
• Basile, C. (2020). Criminal Usury and Its Impact on New York Business Transactions. Touro Law Review, Vol. 36, No. 2, 409-433.
• Crosato, L., Dalla, P.L. (2019). Safe Credit to the Poor: The Role of Anti-usury policies. Development Policy Review, 37(3), 423-449. DOI: 10.1111/dpr.12370.
• Eliáš, K. a kol. (2012). Nový občanský zákoník s aktualizovanou důvodovou zprávou a rejstříkem. 1. vyd. Ostrava: Sagit, ISBN 978-80-7208-922-2.
• Hayes, M.G. (2017). Keynes's Liquidity Preference and the Usury Doctrine: their Connection and Continuing Policy Relevance. Review of Social Economy, 75(4), 400-416. ISSN 0034-6764. DOI:10.1080/00346764.2016.1269937.
• Hruška, L., Ševčík, J. a kol. (2016). Nové formy lichvy a zadlužení. Ostrava. ACCENDO - Centrum pro vědu a výzkum, z. ú.
• Hohendorf, A. (2012). Das Individualwucherstrafrecht nach dem ersten Gesetz zur Bekämpfung der Wirtschaftskriminalität. Berlin: Duncker und Humblot, 1982, p. 98; Šámal, P. a kol. Trestní zákoník. Komentář. 2. díl. Praha: C.H. Beck.
• Hulmák, M. a kol., (2014) Občanský zákoník: komentář. V, Závazkové právo: obecná část (§ 1721-2054). 1. vyd. Praha: C. H. Beck, ISBN 978-80-7400-535-0.
• Cheng, H., (2018), The Death and Revival of Usury in China: An Institutional Analysis. Journal of Economic Issues [online], 52(2), 527-533 [cit. 2021-02-16]. ISSN 0021-3624. Dostupné z: doi:10.1080/00213624.2018.1469932.
• Chlumská, Z., Schlossberger, O., Kupec, V. (2019) Zavedení koncese pro zprostředkovatele finančních produktů. Scientia et Societas, Praha: Newton College, 2019, roč. 15. č. 2, s. 63-72. ISSN 1801-7118.
• Judgment of the Supreme Court from 22. 4. 2003, sp. zn. 5 Tdo 248/2003.
• Judgment of the Supreme Court from 12. 1. 2005, sp. zn. 5 Tdo 1282/2004.
• Judgment of the Supreme Court from 25. 8. 2010, sp. zn. 7 Tdo 793/2010.
• Judgment of the Supreme Court from 14. 3. 2012, sp. zn. 11 Tdo 552/2011.
• Judgment of the Supreme Court ČSR from 19. 10. 1925, sp. zn. Zm II. 247/25 (Vážného collection).
• Mayer-Maly, T. in Säcker, J. F. a kol., (2001), Münchener kommentar zum Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuch. Band 1. Allgemeiner Teil. 4. Auflage. München: C. H. Beck.
• Mayer, R (2012), 'Loan Sharks, Interest-Rate Caps, and Deregulation', Washington & Lee Law Review, vol. 69, no. 2, pp. 807-848.
• Mayer, R. (2013). When and Why Usury Should be Prohibited. Journal of Business Ethics, Vol. 116, Issue 3, 513-527. ISSN 0167-4544.
• Ministry of Education: Národní strategie finančního vzdělávání. Retrieved from: http://www.msmt.cz/vzdelavani/zakladni-vzdelavani/narodni-strategie-financniho- vzdelavani-2-0.
• Otto, J. (1900). Ottův slovník naučný: illustrovaná encyklopaedie obecných vědomostí. Praha (16. díl).
• Order OGH ze 14. 5. 1969, sp. zn. 5 Ob 60/69.
• Rockoff, H. (2003). Prodigals and Projectors: An Economic History of Usury Laws in the United States from Colonial Times to 1900. NBER Working Paper No. 9742, 26 May, p. 1.
• Suter, M. (2017). Usury and the Problem of Exchange Under Capitalism: a Late-nineteenth-century Debate on Economic Rationality. Social History, 42(4), 501-523. ISSN 0307-1022.
• Štědroň, B., Prognostické metody a jejich aplikace. V Praze: C.H. Beck, 2012. Beckova edice ekonomie. ISBN 978-80-7179-174-4, s. ž.
• Vlček, V. (1879). Osvěta. Praha:Vácslav Vlček.
• Zákony pro lidi: Civil Code. Retrieved from: https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/2012-89.
• Zákony pro lidi: Criminal Code. Retrieved from: https://www.zakonyprolidi.cz/cs/2009-40?text=218.
• Zimmermann, R. (1979). Richterliches Moderationsrecht oder Totalnichtigkeit? Berlin: Duncker & Humblot.

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.2478/fiqf-2021-0004