Legal Approaches to 'Unwanted' EU Citizens in the Netherlands

• Autorzy: Sandra Mantu , Paul Minderhoud , Carolus Grütters
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

This contribution examines the legal powers that Dutch authorities have to restrict the right to free movement of mobile but 'unwanted' EU citizens, including measures that seek to expel and ban EU citizens from re-entering the Netherlands. The article defines 'unwanted' EU citizens as mobile EU citizens in respect of whom national authorities seek to take measures to restrict their right of residence, either on the grounds of their being an unreasonable burden on the Dutch social assistance system or in respect of public policy and public security. We analyse the relevant EU legal rules, their interpretation by the Court of Justice of the EU and their national implementation and application in order to show the legal constraints faced by national authorities when seeking to restrict EU mobility. This legal study is supplemented by a discussion of existing data on the number of EU citizens expelled or removed from the Netherlands. Our analysis suggests that, due to the legal protection enjoyed by mobile EU citizens against measures restricting their residence rights, the Dutch authorities encourage voluntary departure as a pragmatic solution to the presence of 'unwanted' EU citizens. (original abstract)

Słowa kluczowe

EN

Population mobility; Social services; Migration policy

PL

Mobilność ludności; Opieka socjalna; Polityka migracyjna

• Czasopismo: Central and Eastern European Migration Review
• Rocznik: 2021
• Tom: 10
• Numer: nr 1
• Strony: 35--53

Twórcy

autor

Sandra Mantu

• Centre for Migration Law, Radboud University, the Netherlands

autor

Paul Minderhoud

• Centre for Migration Law, Radboud University, the Netherlands

autor

Carolus Grütters

• Centre for Migration Law, Radboud University, the Netherlands

Bibliografia

• ACVZ (2018). Gewogen gevaar; de belangenafweging in het vreemdelingrechtelijke openbare-orde beleid. The Hague: Adviescommissie voor Vreemdelingenzaken.
• Anderson B. (2012). What Does 'The Migrant' Tell Us About the (Good) Citizen? Working Paper 94. Oxford: University of Oxford.
• Asscher L. F. (2014). EU-arbeidsmigratie, voortgang en maatregelen - Vrij verkeer werknemers van de nieuwe EU-lidstaten. Tweede Kamer 2014-2015, 29 407, no. 198.
• Asscher L. F. (2017). Vrij verkeer werknemers uit nieuwe EU-lidstaten. Tweede Kamer 2016-2017, 29 407, no. 209.
• Brouwer J., van der Woude M., van der Leun J. (2018). (Cr)immigrant Framing in Border Areas: Decision-Making Processes of Dutch Border Police Officers. Policing and Society 28(4): 448-463.
• CBS (2020). Werk en gezin belangrijkste migratiemotieven voor immigranten. Online: https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/nieuws/2020/30/werk-en-gezin-belangrijkste-migr... (accessed: 18 June 2021).
• CBS (2021). Hoeveel immigranten komen naar Nederland? Online: https://www.cbs.nl/nl-nl/dossier/dossier-asiel-migratie-en-integratie/ho... (accessed: 18 June 2021).
• Cremers J. (2011). In Search of Cheap Labour in Europe: Working and Living Conditions of Posted Workers. Brussels/Utrecht: European Institute for Construction Labour Research/International Books, CLR Studies No. 6.
• ECAS (2014). Fiscal Impact of EU Migrants in Austria, Germany, the Netherlands and the UK. Brussels: European Citizen Action Service. Online: http://ecas.org/fiscal-impact-eu-migrants-selected-countries (accessed: 18 June 2021).
• Evans M. (2020). Abusing or Misusing the Right of Free Movement? The UK's Policy towards EU Nationals Sleeping Rough, in: S. Mantu, P. Minderhoud, E. Guild (eds), EU Citizenship and Free Movement Rights, pp. 302-322. Leiden: Brill.
• FEANTSA (2019). The 'Working Poor' and EU Free Movement: The Notion of 'Worker' in the Context of Low-Wage and Low-Hour Employment. Online: https://www.feantsa.org/en/report/2019/05/22/the-working-poor-and-eu-fre... (accessed: 18 June 2021).
• Gijsberts M., Andriessen I., Nicolaas H., Huijnk W. (2018). Bouwend aan een toekomst in Nederland. De leefsituatie van Poolse migranten die zich na 2004 hebben ingeschreven. Sociaal en Cultureel Planbureau. Online: https://www.scp.nl/publicaties/publicaties/2018/04/24/bouwend-aan-een-to... (accessed: 28 June 2021)
• Guild E., Peers S., Tomkin J. (2019). The EU Citizenship Directive. A Commentary. Second edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Heindlmaier A. (2020). Mobile EU Citizens and the 'Unreasonable Burden'. How Member States Deal with Residence Rights at the Street-Level, in: S. Mantu, P. Minderhoud, E. Guild (eds), EU Citizenship and Free Movement Rights, pp. 129-154. Leiden: Brill.
• Heindlmaier A., Blauberger M. (2017). Enter at Your Own Risk: Free Movement of EU Citizens in Practice. West European Politics 40(6): 1198-1217.
• ICF/GHK (2013). A Fact Finding Analysis on the Impact on the Member States' Social Security Systems of the Entitlements of Non-Active Intra-EU Migrants to Special Non-Contributory Cash Benefits and Healthcare Granted on the Basis of Residence. Online: https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/c6de1d0a-2a5b-4... (accessed: 18 June 2021).
• Kamp H. G. J. (2011). Maatregelen arbeidsmigratie uit Midden en Oost-Europa. AV/SDA/2011/4771, pp. 8-10. Online: https://www.parlementairemonitor.nl/9353000/1/j9vvij5epmj1ey0/violk8w42dyi (accessed: 28 June 2021).
• Karstens F. (2020). How Public Discourse Affects Attitudes towards Freedom of Movement and Schengen. European Union Politics 21(1): 43-63.
• Koolmees W., Ollongren K., Knoops R., van Ark T., Keijzer M. (2019). Aanpak misstanden arbeidsmigranten, 21 June 2019. Online: https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/documenten/kamerstukken/2019/12/20/kamerbri... (accessed: 28 June 2021).
• Kramer D. (2016). Earning Social Citizenship in the European Union: Free Movement and Access to Social Assistance Benefits Reconstructed. Cambridge Yearbook of Legal Studies 18: 270-301.
• Kramer D. (2017). 'In Search of the Law': Governing Homeless EU Citizens in a State of Legal Ambiguity. ACCESS Europe Research Paper 2017/04. Amsterdam: VU University Amsterdam. Online: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3091539 (accessed: 18 June 2021).
• Kramer D., Sampson T. J., van Hooren F. (2018). Responding to Free Movement: Quarantining Mobile Union Citizens in European Welfare States. Journal of European Public Policy 25(10): 1501-1521.
• Mantu S. (2018). Controlling 'Poverty Migration'- Asserting Gradations of EU Citizenship, in: H. Mercier, E. Ni Chaoimh, L. Damay, G. Delledone (eds), La Libre Circulation Sous Pression, Régulation et Dérégulation des Mobilités dans l'Union Européenne, pp. 170-184. Brussels: Bruylant.
• Mantu S., Minderhoud P. (2019). Exploring the Links between Residence and Social Rights for Economically Inactive EU Citizens. European Journal of Migration and Law 21(3): 313-337.
• Minderhoud P. (2018). Social Assistance for Economically Inactive EU Citizens in the Member States. Centre for Migration Law Working Paper Series 2018/03. Nijmegen: Radboud University.
• Minderhoud P., Mantu S. (2017). Back to the Roots? No Access to Social Assistance for Union Citizens Who are Economically Inactive, in: D. Thym, (ed.), Questioning EU Citizenship. Judges and the Limits of Free Movement and Solidarity in the EU, pp. 191-207. Oxford: Hart Publishing.
• O'Brien C., Spaventa E., de Coninck J. (2016). Comparative Report: The Concept of Worker under Article 45 TFEU and Certain Non-Standard Forms of Employment. Brussels: European Commission.
• Scholten P., Engbersen G., van Ostaijen M., Snel E. (2018). Multilevel Governance from Below: How Dutch Cities Respond to Intra-EU Mobility. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 44(12): 2011-2033.
• Strockmeijer A. (2019). Stromen Oost-Europese arbeidsmigranten vaker de WW in dan Nederlandse werknemers? UWV Kennisverslag 2.
• Valcke A. (2020). Expulsions from the 'Heart of Europe': The Belgian Law and Practice Relating to the Termination of EU Residence Rights, in: S. Mantu, P. Minderhoud, E. Guild (eds), EU Citizenship and Free Movement Rights, pp. 155-189. Leiden: Brill.
• Van Melle B., Van Houwelingen T. (2019). Belangenafweging bij verwijderingsmaatregel tegen Unieburger. Asiel&Migrantenrecht 3: 113-116.
• Verschueren H. (2018). The Right to Reside and to Social Benefits for Economically Inactive EU Migrants: How to Balance Freedom of Movement and Solidarity?, in: H. Mercier, E. Ni Chaoimh, L. Damay, G. Delledone (eds), La Libre Circulation Sous Pression: Régulation et Dérégulation des Mobilités dans l'Union Européenne, pp. 33-52. Brussels: Bruylant.

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.17467/ceemr.2021.07