PL EN


Preferencje help
Widoczny [Schowaj] Abstrakt
Liczba wyników
Czasopismo
2021 | 10(4) | 1--17
Tytuł artykułu

Unbound: Ethics, Law, Sustainability, and the New Space Race

Autorzy
Warianty tytułu
Języki publikacji
EN
Abstrakty
EN
We are witnessing a new space race. A half century after the last Moon landing, and after a decade during which the United States could not launch its own astronauts to Earth orbit, there is new energy in the space activity. China has huge ambitions to rival or eclipse America as the major space power, and other countries are developing space programs. However, perhaps the greatest excitement attaches to the entrepreneurs who are trying to create a new business model for space travel based initially on tourism, and eventually, on colonizing the Moon and Mars and harvesting resources from asteroids. This paper presents a snapshot of the new space race and the rich men behind it, and it looks at some of the ethical and legal issues raised by this activity. The methodology is to consider the stated ambitions of the men leading private space companies, compare and contrast the space endeavor with earlier episodes of exploration and transportation innovation, review the regulatory environment for outer space, and consider two divergent scenarios for the future. Opinions are divided on whether commercial space flight is an expensive indulgence or potentially a way to find sustainability solutions for our life on Earth. It is concluded that the new space race can be characterized as unbounded: in ambition, in terms of laws and regulations, and in terms of ethical constraints on the activity. (original abstract)
Czasopismo
Rocznik
Tom
Strony
1--17
Opis fizyczny
Twórcy
autor
  • University of Arizona, United States
Bibliografia
  • Allianz Global Corporate and Specialty. How Aviation Safety Has Improved, 2021, https://www.agcs.allianz.com/news-and-insights/expert-risk-articles/how-aviation-safety-has- improved.html.
  • Boyle, A. Interview: Jeff Bezos Lays Out Blue Origin's Space Vision. Geek Wire, 2016, https://www.geekwire.com/2016/interview-jeff-bezos/.
  • Branson, R. Losing My Virginity: How I've Survived, Had Fun, and Made a Fortune Doing Business My Way, London: Virgin Books, 1999.
  • Branson, R. Screw It, Let's Do It, London: Virgin Books, 2006.
  • Cockell, C. and Horneck, G. A Planetary Park System for Mars. Space Policy 20, 2004, pp. 291- 295.
  • Colagrossi, M. Urban Planning in Space: 3 Off-World Designs for Future Cities. Big Think, 2020, https://bigthink.com/alchemist-city/urban-planning-in-space.
  • Denning, P.J. and Lewis, T.G. Exponential Laws of Computing Growth. Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery 60, 2017, pp. 54-65.
  • Earth Overshoot Day. Earth Overshoot Days Falls on July 29. Earth Overshoot Day, 2021, https://www.overshootday.org/.
  • Elvis, M. How Many Ore-Bearing Asteroids? Planetary and Space Science 91, 2013, pp. 20-26.
  • European Investment Bank. Urban Development Sector. European Investment Bank, 2021, https://www.eib.org/en/projects/sectors/urban-development/index.htm.
  • Federal Aviation Administration. A Brief History of the FAA, 2017, https://www.faa.gov/about/history/brief_history/.
  • Flint, A. What Abu Dhabi's City of the Future Looks Like Now. Bloomberg City Lab, 2020, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-02-14/the-reality-of-abu-dhabi-s-unfinished-utopia.
  • Flynn, L. Closed Ecological Systems: Can They Save The Future? Money Inc., 2019, https://moneyinc.com/closed-ecological-systems-can-they-save-the-future/.
  • Foer, F. Jeff Bezos' Master Plan. The Atlantic Magazine, 2019, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2019/11/what-jeff-bezos-wants/598363/.
  • Garcia, M. Space Debris and Human Spacecraft. NASA, 2021, https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/news/orbital_debris.html.
  • Grush, L. Private Space Companies Avoid FAA Oversight Again, With Congress' Blessing. The Verge, 2015, https://www.theverge.com/2015/11/16/9744298/private-space-government-regulation-spacex-asteroid-mining.
  • Hall, M. In Space, No One Can Hear You Mine: NASA's Blueprint for Space Mining. Mining Technology, 2021, https://www.mining-technology.com/features/in-space-no-one-can-hear-you-mine-nasas-blueprint-for-space-mining/.
  • Hilbert, M. and Lopez, P. The World's Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information. Science 332, 2011, pp. 60-65.
  • Hillis, D., Seaman, R., Allen, S., and Giorgini, J. Time in the 10,000-Year Clock. The Long Now Foundation, 2012, https://longnow.org/essays/time-10000-year-clock/.
  • Holland, M. Tesla Passes 1 Million EV Milestone and Model 3 Become All Time Best Seller. Clean Technica, 2020, https://cleantechnica.com/2020/03/10/tesla-passes-1-million-ev-milestone-and-model-3-becomes-all-time-best-seller/.
  • Hooton, C. Measuring the U.S. Internet Sector: 2019. Internet Association, 2019, https://internetassociation.org/publications/measuring-us-internet-sector-2019/.
  • Hsu, J. Don't Panic About Rare Earth Elements. Scientific American, 2019, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/dont-panic-about-rare-earth-elements/.
  • Impey, C.D. Beyond: Our Future in Space, New York: Norton, 2016.
  • Ireland-Piper, D. Star Laws: What Happens if You Commit a Crime in Space? The Conversation, 2019, https://theconversation.com/star-laws-what-happens-if-you-commit-a-crime-in-space-122456.
  • Jamasmie, C. NASA Finds Metal Asteroid Worth More Than the Global Economy. Mining.com, 2020, https://www.mining.com/nasa-finds-rare-metal-asteroid-worth-more-than-global-economy/.
  • Johnson, R.D. and Holbrow, C. (eds.) Space Settlements: A Design Study. NASA Scientific and Technical Office, SP-413, 1977, https://archive.org/details/SpaceSettlementsADesignStudy1977/page/n1/mode/2up.
  • Kantor, J. and Streitfeld, D. Inside Amazon: Wrestling Big Ideas in a Bruising Workplace. New York Times, 2015, https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/16/technology/inside-amazon-wrestling-big-ideas-in-a-bruising-workplace.html.
  • Kessler, D.J. The Kessler Syndrome. Charter.net, 2009, https://web.archive.org/web/20100527195029/http://webpages.charter.net/dkessler/files/KesSym.html.
  • Klare, M.T. The Race for What's Left, New York: Metropolitan Books, 2012.
  • Kluth, A. Space Junk is our New Tragedy of the Commons. Bloomberg Opinion, 2021, https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2021-04-17/space-junk-like-overfishing-and-pollution-is-a-global-tragedy-of-the-commons.
  • Kohlstedt, K. Self-Contained Cities: Hyperdense Arcologies of Urban Fantasy and Utopian Fiction. 99 Percent Invisible, 2018, https://99percentinvisible.org/article/self-contained-cities-hyperdense-arcologies-urban-fiction-utopian-fantasy/.
  • Koren, M. No One Should Colonize Space. The Atlantic, 2020, https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2020/09/manifest-destiny-trump-space exploration/612439/.
  • Kwong, E. Space Junk: How Cluttered is the Final Frontier? National Public Radio, 2020, https://www.npr.org/2020/01/10/795246131/space-junk-how-cluttered-is-the-final-frontier.
  • Langston, S.M. Reimagining Icarus: Ethics, Law, and Policy Considerations for Commercial Human Spaceflight. Into Space: A Journey of How Humans Adapt and Live in Microgravity, Chapter 1, 2018, Intechopen, https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.74716.
  • Launch List. SpaceX Info, 2021, https://spacex-info.com/launch-list/.
  • Lewis, J.S. Mining the Sky: Untold Riches from the Asteroids, Comets, and Planets, New York: Basic Books, 1998.
  • Mann, A. Is Mars Ours? The New Yorker, 2021, https://www.newyorker.com/science/elements/is-mars-ours.
  • Mautner, M.N. Life-Centered Ethics and the Human Future in Space. Bioethics 23, 2017, pp. 433-440.
  • McCormick, T. The Billionaire Space Race Reflects a Colonial Mindset that Fails to Imagine a Different World. The Conversation, 2021, https://theconversation.com/the-billionaire-space-race-reflects-a-colonial-mindset-that-fails-to-imagine-a-different-world-165235.
  • McCullough, B. How the Internet Happened: From Netscape to the iPhone, New York: Liveright Publisher, 2018.
  • Meinart, L.D., Robinson, G.R., and Nassar, N.T. Mineral Resources: Reserves, Peak Production and the Future. Resources 6, 2016, pp. 14-28.
  • Molloy, M. Asteroid mining Made Legal After Passing of Historic Space Bill by US. The Telegraph, 2015, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/northamerica/usa/12019740/Who-owns-space-Asteroid-mining-made-legal-in-US-after-passing-of-2015-space-bill.html.
  • Morgan, D. Extended Transcript: SpaceX CEO Elon Musk on Putting Boots on the Moon and Mars. CBS News, 2019, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/extended-transcript-spacex-ceo-elon-musk-on-putting-boots-on-the-moon-and-mars/.
  • NASA. Budget Documents, Strategic Plans and Performance Reports. NASA, 2021, https://www.nasa.gov/news/budget/index.html.
  • NASA. NASA and the Rise of Commercial Space: A Symposium to Examine the Meanings and Contexts of Commercial Space. NASA, 2021, https://www.nasa.gov/centers/marshall/history/nasa-and-the-rise-of-commercial-space.html.
  • O'Neil, G.K. The High Frontier: Human Colonies in Space, New York: William Morrow and Company, 1977.
  • Ostro, S.J. and Sagan, C. Cosmic Collisions and the Longevity of Non-Spacefaring Galactic Civilizations. Interplanetary Collision Hazards, NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, 1998, https://trs.jpl.nasa.gov/bitstream/handle/2014/19498/98-0908.pdf.
  • Pettit, D. The Tyranny of the Rocket Equation. NASA, 2012, https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/expeditions/expedition30/tryanny.html.
  • Redd, N.T. Konstantin Tsiolkovsky: Russian Father of Rocketry. Space.com, 2013, https://www.space.com/19994-konstantin-tsiolkovsky.html.
  • Redd, N.T. Tons of Water in Asteroids Could Fuel Satellites, Space Exploration. Space.com, 2019, https://www.space.com/water-rich-asteroids-space-exploration-fuel.html.
  • Reed, A. Space, the Final Frontier for Negligence Suits-Why Commercial Space Operators Should be Liable for Personal Injuries to Space Flight Participants. Journal of Air Law and Commerce 84, 2019, pp. 477-505.
  • Robinson, K.S. 2312, London: Orbit Books, 2012.
  • Schwartz, J.S.J. and Mulligan, T (eds.). The Ethics of Space Exploration, New York: Springer, 2016.
  • Schwartz, J.S.J. and Mulligan, T. Space Ethics According to Space Ethicists. The Space Review, 2021, https://www.thespacereview.com/article/4117/1.
  • Science and Media Museum. A Short History of the Internet. Science and Media Museum, 2021, https://www.scienceandmediamuseum.org.uk/objects-and-stories/short-history-internet.
  • Sercel, J. and Kwast, J. To Boldly Go... Responsibly. Politico, 2020, https://www.politico.com/news/2020/11/20/space-ethics-opinion-438526.
  • Shammas, V.L. and Holen, T.B. One Giant Leap for Capitalistkind: Private Enterprise in Outer Space. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications 5, 2019, pp. 10-19.
  • Sheetz, M. Bank of America Expects the Space Industry to Triple to a $1.4 Trillion Market Within a Decade. CNBC, 2020, https://www.cnbc.com/2020/10/02/why-the-space-industry-may-triple-to-1point4-trillion-by-2030.html.
  • Simberg, R.E. Safe in Not an Option: Overcoming the Futile Obsession with Getting Everybody Back Alive that is Killing Our Expansion into Space, Jackson, WY: Interglobal Media, 2013.
  • Soroka, L. and Kurkova, K. Artificial Intelligence and Space Technologies: Legal, Ethical, and Technical Issues. Advanced Space Law 3, 2019, pp. 131-139.
  • State of Green, City of Copenhagen, State of Green, 2021, https://stateofgreen.com/en/partners/city-of-copenhagen/.
  • Swanson, G.E. The New Frontier: Religion in America's National Space Rhetoric of the Cold War Era. Religions 11, 2020, pp. 592-610.
  • Szocik, K. et al. Future Space Missions and Human Enhancement: Medical and Ethical Challenges. Futures 133, 2021, 102819.
  • Tamponnet, C. and Savage, C. Closed Ecological Systems. Journal of Biological Education 28, 1994, pp. 167-174.
  • Taveres, F. et al. Ethical Exploration and the Role of Planetary Protection in Disrupting Colonial Practices. A Submission to the Planetary Science and Astrobiology Decadal Survey 2023-2032, 2020, https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/2010/2010.08344.pdf.
  • The Economist. The End of the Oil Age. The Economist, 2003, https://www.economist.com/node/2155717/print.
  • The Economist. The Space Race is Dominated by New Contenders. The Economist, 2018, https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2018/10/18/the-space-race-is-dominated-by-new-contenders.
  • The Economist. Space Law is Inadequate for the Boom in Human Activity There. The Economist, 2019, https://www.economist.com/international/2019/07/18/space-law-is-inadequate-for-the-boom-in-human-activity-there.
  • The Editors. A Retrospective of Burt Rutan's High-Performance Art. Air and Space Magazine, 2012, https://www.airspacemag.com/flight-today/design-by-rutan-133347555/?no-ist.
  • UNESCO. Legal and Ethical Framework for Astronauts in Space Sojourns. A Symposium. Paris, France: UNESCO, 2004.
  • United Nations. Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and other Celestial Bodies. United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs, 2021, https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/moon-agreement.html.
  • United Nations. Space Law Treaties and Principles. United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs, 2021, https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties.html.
  • Waldrop, M.M. The Dream Machine: J.C.R. Licklider and the Revolution that Made Computing Personal, New York: Viking, 2001.
  • Webster, L. Asteroid Database and Mining Rankings. Asterank, 2021, http://www.asterank.com/.
  • Wells, H.G. The Time Machine, London: William Heinemann, 1895.
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikatory
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.ekon-element-000171632668

Zgłoszenie zostało wysłane

Zgłoszenie zostało wysłane

Musisz być zalogowany aby pisać komentarze.
JavaScript jest wyłączony w Twojej przeglądarce internetowej. Włącz go, a następnie odśwież stronę, aby móc w pełni z niej korzystać.