On the Politics of Fear : the Role of Politicians in Stoking Islamophobia during the COVID-19 Pandemic in India

• Autorzy: Natalia Zajączkowska

Warianty tytułu

O polityce strachu : rola polityków w podsycaniu islamofobii podczas pandemii COVID-19 w Indiach

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Muslims, India's largest minority group, have often found themselves excluded from the country's mainstream political power circles. The historically constructed clash between Muslims and Hindus has been used by the members of the far right - such as the Rāṣtriya Svayaṃsevak Saṇgh (RSS) or the Viśva Hindū Pariṣada (VHP) - to present the Muslim community as outsiders and ill-intentioned others with a view to subjugating the Hindu majority. There has been a notable rise in majoritarianism since the Bhāratiya Janata Party (BJP) rose to power in 2014. Prior to the outbreak of COVID-19, many BJP and RSS members made overtly racist remarks and incited violence against the Muslim community. The COVID-19 pandemic appears to have exacerbated this religious polarisation that has been gradually intensifying since Narendra Modi (BJP) won a landslide re-election victory in May 2019. Fears surrounding the pandemic have rapidly fuelled societal divisions, as well as hyper-nationalism and religious extremism targeted at Indian Muslims. A tarnished social fabric would have obvious long-term ramifications, specifically relating to stigmatisation, stereotyping and violent attacks. In this paper, the author will attempt to examine the role of BJP politicians in stoking Islamophobia. The author will address the question of whether the COVID-19 pandemic has been politicised against the Muslim minority. Are politicians primarily responsible for stoking intercommunal fear and hatred? What roles have state actors played in fomenting sectarian discord during COVID-19? This article tackles these and other salient questions pertaining to the politicisation of the coronavirus outbreak and mounting hate speech authorised by the ruling party in India. The article concludes by suggesting that Hindutva-driven Islamophobia, supported by the BJP government, may have permeated the Hindu mainstream but cautions that this claim still needs empirical validation. This article informs readers of the specific process of Islamophobic violence during the covid-19 pandemic which remains a largely understudied phenomenon in India. My interpretation is partially based on spending two months doing fieldwork, mainly in New Delhi, in February and March 2020 during the coronavirus outbreak. (original abstract)

Stanowiący największą grupę mniejszościową w Indiach muzułmanie doświadczają dyskryminacji i wykluczenia na niwie politycznej, ekonomicznej, edukacyjnej i społecznej. Wypowiedzi członków konserwatywnych, skrajnie prawicowych organizacji, takich jak Rāṣtriya Svayaṃsevak Saṇgh (RSS) czy Viśva Hindū Pariṣada (VHP), nierzadko prowadzą do eskalacji konfl iktu hindusko-muzułmańskiego, przypisując muzułmanom wrogie intencje i zdradę interesów narodowych. W prawicowej narracji muzułmanie występują w roli piątej kolumny, obcych, których należy stanowczo podporządkować hinduskiej większości. Począwszy od 2014 r., kiedy do władzy doszła Indyjska Partia Ludowa (Bhāratiya Janata Party - BJP), a fotel premiera objął Narendra Modi (BJP), popularność rządów większości (ang. majoritarianism) znacząco wzrosła. Od tej pory politycy BJP i aktywiści RSS coraz częściej sięgali po mowę nienawiści, podżegając do przemocy wobec społeczności muzułmańskiej. Pandemia COVID-19 w 2020 r. jeszcze bardziej spotęgowała polaryzację religijną między obiema grupami i szybko stała się paliwem dla polityki zarządzania strachem i pogłębiających się antagonizmów społeczno- religijnych. Długoterminowymi konsekwencjami takich działań są: stygmatyzacja, utrwalenie krzywdzących stereotypów, dyskryminacja, a nawet przemoc. Niniejszy artykuł analizuje rolę polityków Indyjskiej Partii Ludowej w podsycaniu islamofobii w Indiach. Autorka odpowiada na pytania, czy pandemia COVID-19 została upolityczniona i wykorzystana przeciwko mniejszości muzułmańskiej i jaką rolę odegrali wówczas politycy partii rządzącej w nakręcaniu spirali nienawiści. Artykuł kończy się sugestią, że napędzana przez hinduski nacjonalizm i wspierana przez rząd BJP islamofobia mogła przeniknąć do głównego nurtu hinduizmu, zastrzegając jednak, że twierdzenie to wymaga dalszych badań. Autorka opiera swoje interpretacje na kwerendzie źródeł prasowych w językach angielskim i hindi oraz dwumiesięcznych badaniach terenowych prowadzonych w New Delhi w lutym i marcu 2020 r., tj. w pierwszych miesiącach po wybuchu pandemii koronawirusa. (abstrakt oryginalny)

Słowa kluczowe

EN

COVID-19; Islam; Religious minorities; Fake news; Social conflicts

PL

COVID-19; Islam; Mniejszości religijne; Fałszywe wiadomości; Konflikty społeczne

• Czasopismo: Sprawy Międzynarodowe
• Rocznik: 2021
• Numer: nr 3
• Strony: 237--266

Twórcy

autor

Natalia Zajączkowska

• University of Lodz; University of Warsaw

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Identyfikatory

DOI

10.35757/sm.2021.74.3.09