The Gender Pay Gap and Women in Managerial Positions: V4 Countries in the Light of the European Union

• Autorzy: Agnieszka Kłysik-Uryszek
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

This research investigates the level of the gender pay gap and gender parity in the Visegrad Group countries in light of the changes that took place in the whole EU during the last decade. The following hypotheses accompany the research objective: (1) the level of the gender pay gap diminished significantly over the last decade in the V4 economies; (2) the V4 countries are following a path to achieve gender parity. Data were taken from Eurostat. The pay gap and the managerial occupations indicators were used to verify the research hypotheses. The empirical investigation did not let us reject the first hypothesis for Poland only. However, it should be rejected for the other V4 economies. In addition, the second hypothesis should be rejected. (original abstract)

Słowa kluczowe

EN

Gender gap; Wage disparities; Professional position of women; Managerial staff

PL

Różnica między płciami; Nierówności płacowe; Pozycja zawodowa kobiet; Kadra kierownicza

• Czasopismo: Annales : etyka w życiu gospodarczym
• Rocznik: 2020
• Tom: 23
• Numer: nr 4
• Strony: 81--90

Twórcy

autor

Agnieszka Kłysik-Uryszek

• University of Lodz

Bibliografia

• 17 Goals to Transform Our World. (2020). United Nations. https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/ (accessed: October 20, 2020).
• Adelekan, A. M. & Bussin, M. H. R. (2018). Gender Pay Gap in Salary Bands Among Employees in the Formal Sector of South Africa. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 16, article a1018. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v16i0.1018
• Aláez-Aller, R., Longás-García, J. C. & Ullibarri-Arce, M. (2011). Visualising Gender Wage Differences in the European Union. Gender, Work and Organization, 18(suppl. 1), e49-e87.
• Arulampalam, W., Booth, A. L. & Bryan, M. L. (2007). Is There a Glass Ceiling over Europe? Exploring the Gender Pay Gap across the Wage Distribution. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 60(2), 163-186.
• Bando, R. (2019). Evidence-Based Gender Equality Policy and Pay in Latin America and the Caribbean: Progress and Challenges. Latin American Economic Review, 28(1), 1-23.
• Bayard, K., Hellerstein, J., Neumark, D. & Troske, K. (1999). New Evidence on Sex Segregation and Sex Difference in Wages from Matched Employee-Employer Data. NBER Working Paper, 7003.
• Becker, G. S. (1957). The Economics of Discrimination, 2nd ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
• Becker, G. S. (1985). Human Capital, Effort, and the Sexual Division Labor. Journal of Labor Economics, 3(1), 33-58.
• Bergmann, B. (1974). Occupational Segregation, Wages, and Profits when Employers Discriminate by Race or Sex. Eastern Economic Journal, 1(2), 103-110.
• Bhorat, H. & Goga, S. (2013). The Gender Wage Gap in Post-Apartheid South Africa: A Re-Examination. Journal of African Economies, 22(5), 827-848.
• Black, S. E. & Brainerd, E. (2004). Importing equality? The Impact of Globaliza-tion on Gender Discrimination. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 57(4), 540-559. https://doi.org/10.1177 001979390405700404
• Blau, F. D. (1977). Equal Pay in the Office. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
• Blau, F. D. & Kahn, L. M. (2007). The Gender Pay Gap: Have Women Gone as far as They Can? Academy of Management Perspectives, 21(1), 7-23.
• Dolado, J. J., García-Peñalosa, C. & Tarasonis, L. (2020). The Changing Nature of Gender Selection into Employment over the Great Recession. Economic Policy, 35(104), 635-677.
• Domańska, A., Żukowska, B. & Zajkowski, R. (2019). Sustainable Development versus Gender Gap - Do Women Matter? Problemy Ekorozwoju, 14(2), 129-142.
• Fadoš, M. & Bohdalová, M. (2019). Unemployment Gender Inequality: Evidence from the 27 European Union Countries. Eurasian Economic Review, 9(3), 349-371.
• Galy-Badenas, F. & Croucher, S. M. (2016). Men and Women in Positions of Responsibility: A Qualitative Analysis of Organizational Readiness in France and Finland. Journal of Intercultural Communication, 41.
• Jakubowska, U. & Kaniasty, K. (2015). Predictors of Political Participation in Poland: Gender and Period Effects in the Context of Political Transfor-mation. Československá Psychologie, 59(1), 79-90.
• Leythienne, D. & Ronkowski, P. (2018). A Decomposition of the Unadjusted Gender Pay Gap Using Structure of Earnings Survey Data. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
• Marcu, L. & Tănase, C. L. (2018). Employment Rate and Gender Employment Gap in Romania in the Context of Europe 2020 Strategy. Ovidius Universi-ty Annals. Economic Sciences Series, 18(1), 92-97.
• Marilyn, B. & Olawale, O. (2017). Achieving the Millennium and Sustainable Development Goals in Africa: What Role for Female Social Workers. Gender and Behaviour, 15(2), 9088-9100.
• Maume, D. J., Heymann, O. & Ruppanner, L. (2019). National Board Quotas and the Gender Pay Gap among European Managers. Work, Employment and Society, 33(6), 1002-1019.
• Norrander, B. (1999). The Evolution of The Gender Gap. Public Opinion Quarterly, 63(4), 566-576.
• North, A. (2010). MDG 3 and the Negotiation of Gender in International Education Organisations. Compare: A Journal of Comparative & International Education, 40(4), 425-440. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057925.2010.490363
• Oczki, J. (2016). Gender Pay Gap in Poland. Ekonomia Międzynarodowa, 14, 106-113. https://doi.org/10.18778/2082-4440.14.01
• Ofisi, M. & Lukamba, M. T. (2020). Closing the Gender Gap through ICT in Small Scale Farming: Towards Achieving Sustainable Development Goals. Gender and Behaviour, 18(4), 16687-16697.
• Srinivas, S. (2007). Social Attitudes and the Gender Pay Gap in the USA in Recent Years. International Journal of Social Economics, 34(4), 268-275. https://doi.org/10.1108/03068290710734226
• The gender pay gap situation in the EU. (2020). European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/info/policies/justice-and-fundamental-rights/gender-equality/equal-pay/gender-pay-gap-situation-eu_en (accessed: October 25, 2020).
• van Mensvoort, C., Kraaykamp, G., Meuleman, R. & van den Brink, M. (2020). A Cross-Country Comparison of Gender Traditionalism in Business Leadership: How Supportive Are Female Supervisors? Work, Employment and Society, 35(4), 793-814.
• Women remain outnumbered in management. (2020). Eurostat, March 3. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/-/edn-20210305-2 (accessed: October 25, 2020)
• Zawisza, M., Luyt, R. & Zawadzka, A. (2012). Ambivalence Toward Men: Com-paring Sexism Among Polish, South African and British University Students. Sex Roles, 66(7-8), 453-467.

Identyfikatory

DOI

https://doi.org/10.18778/1899-2226.23.4.05