Six Emotional Stages of Organisational Change: Conceptualisation and Scale Development

• Autorzy: Cristian Castillo
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

This research designs, implements and validates a five-point Likert-type scale to measure the six emotional stages of organisational change. The results propose a scale with only 31 items after analysing the responses of a total of 1,220 employees and submitting the developed scale to the validity recommended in the literature in five phases and four studies: item generation, scale purification, scale dimensionality, scale validation and nomological validity. Thus, our research extends the literature and provides the first tool to measure the six emotional stages of change. Through the understanding and use of our scale, future research will be able to identify potential counterproductive and conflicting behaviours generated in organisations when implementing change and associate them with each of the six emotional stages described in the literature. Organisational changes, when perceived as unfavourable, provoke emotional changes in most employees, giving rise to behaviours that can become barriers that are difficult to overcome. Our scale will allow us to continue to expand the literature in this field. (original abstract)

Słowa kluczowe

EN

Change management; Organizational culture study; Organisational change

PL

Zarządzanie zmianami; Badanie kultury organizacyjnej; Zmiany organizacyjne

• Czasopismo: Economics & Sociology
• Rocznik: 2022
• Tom: 15
• Numer: nr 1
• Strony: 253--267

Twórcy

autor

Cristian Castillo

• Open University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain

Bibliografia

• Al-Haddad, Serina, & Timothy Kotnour (2015). Integrating the organizational change literature: a model for successful change. Journal of organizational change management, 28(2), 234-262. doi:10.1108/JOCM-11-2013-0215.
• Aslam, U., Ilyas, M., Imran, M. K. & Rahman, U.-U. (2016). Detrimental effects of cynicism on organizational change: An interactive model of organizational cynicism (a study of employees in public sector organizations). Journal of Organizational Change Management, 29(4), 580-598. doi:10.1108/JOCM-12-2014-0231.
• Baqutayan, S. M. S. (2015). Stress and coping mechanisms: A historical overview. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 6(2) S1, 479-488. doi:10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n2s1p479.
• Bentler, P. M. (1990). Fit indexes, Lagrange multipliers, constraint changes and incomplete data in structural models. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25(2), 163-172. doi: doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr2502_3.
• Bentler, P. M., & Bonett, D. G. (1980). Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological bulletin, 88(3), 588. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.88.3.588.
• Böttger, T., Rudolph, T., Evanschitzky, H., & Pfrang, T. (2017). Customer inspiration: Conceptualization, scale development, and validation. Journal of Marketing, 81(6), 116-131. doi:10.1509/jm.15.0007.
• By, R. T., Hughes, M. & Ford, J. (2016). Change leadership: Oxymoron and myths. Journal of change management, 16, 8-17. doi:10.1080/14697017.2016.1137425.
• Burnes, B. (2011). Introduction: Why does change fail, and what can we do about it?. Journal of change management, 11(4), 445-450. doi:10.1080/14697017.2011.630507.
• Castillo, C. (2022). The workers' perspective: emotional consequences during a lean manufacturing change based on VSM analysis. Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management. doi:10.1108/JMTM-06-2021-0212.
• Castillo, C., Fernandez, V. & Sallan, J. M. (2018). The six emotional stages of organizational change. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 31(3), 468-493. doi:10.1108/JOCM-05-2016-0084.
• Castillo, C., Fernandez, V., & Lordan, O. (2021). A markovian-based simulation model for the evolution of employees' emotional states during an organizational change. Polish Journal of Management Studies, 23(1), 119-135. doi:10.17512/pjms.2021.23.1.08.
• Chênevert, D., Kilroy, S. & Bosak, J. (2019). The role of change readiness and colleague support in the role stressors and withdrawal behaviors relationship among health care employees. Journal of Organizational Change Management. doi:10.1108/JOCM-06-2018-0148.
• Dixon, N. M. (2017). The organizational learning cycle: How we can learn collectively. Routledge. ISBN:9780566080586.
• Dorling, J. L. (2017). Impact of psychological capital on the resistance to change during post-merger integration. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 30(6), 936-956. doi:10.1108/JOCM-11-2015-0199.
• Fanning, J. & McAuley, E. (2014). A comparison of tablet computer and paper-based questionnaires in healthy aging research. JMIR research protocols, 3(3). doi:10.2196/resprot.3291.
• Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of marketing research, 18(1), 39-50. doi:10.1177/002224378101800104.
• Fugate, M., Prussia, G. E. & Kinicki, A. J. (2012). Managing employee withdrawal during organizational change: The role of threat appraisal. Journal of Management, 38(3), 890-914. doi:10.1177/0149206309352881.
• García, G. A., Gonzales-Miranda, D. R., Gallo, O. & Roman-Calderon, J. P. (2019). Employee involvement and job satisfaction: a tale of the millennial generation. Employee Relations: The International Journal, 41(3), 374-388. doi:10.1108/ER-04-2018-0100.
• Gupta, S. & Singla, A. (2016). Organizational change and job satisfaction: An analysis of mediating effect of organizational trust. Indian Journal of Commerce and Management Studies, 7(3), 7. Retrieved from: https://search.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/organizational-change-job-satisfaction-analysis/docview/1830724664/se-2?accountid=15299.
• Hair, J. F. (2009). Multivariate data analysis.
• Jennings, P. L. & Dooley, K. J. (2007). An emerging complexity paradigm in leadership research. Complex systems leadership theory: New perspectives from complexity science on social and organizational effectiveness, ISCE Publishing, 17-34.
• Kelloway, E. K., Sivanathan, N., Francis, L. & Barling, J. (2005). Poor leadership. Handbook of work stress, 89-112. ISBN:0716929495.
• Levine, L. J., Schmidt, S., Kang, H. S., & Tinti, C. (2012). Remembering the silver lining: Reappraisal and positive bias in memory for emotion. Cognition & emotion, 26(5), 871-884. doi:10.1080/02699931.2011.625403.
• Lin, C. Y., & Huang, C. K. (2020). Employee turnover intentions and job performance from a planned change: the effects of an organizational learning culture and job satisfaction. International Journal of Manpower. 42(3), 409-423. doi:10.1108/IJM-08-2018-0281.
• Herrmann, D., Felfe, J. & Hardt, J. (2012). Transformationale führung und veränderungsbereitschaft. Zeitschrift für Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie A&O. doi:10.1026/0932-4089/a000076.
• Hollebeek, L. D., Glynn, M. S., & Brodie, R. J. (2014). Consumer brand engagement in social media: Conceptualization, scale development and validation. Journal of interactive marketing, 28(2), 149-165. doi:10.1016/j.intmar.2013.12.002.
• Jones, S. L. & Van de Ven, A. H. (2016). The Changing Nature of Change Resistance: An Examination of the Moderating Impact of Time. Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 52(4), 482-506. doi:10.1177/0021886316671409.
• Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1986). LISREL VI: Analysis of linear structural relationships by maximum likelihood, instrumental variables, and least squares methods. Scientific Software.
• Kern, M., & Zapf, D. (2021). Ready for change? A longitudinal examination of challenge stressors in the context of organizational change. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 26(3), 204. doi:10.1037/ocp0000214.
• Lasisi, T. T., Ozturen, A., Eluwole, K. K. & Avci, T. (2020). Explicating innovation-based human resource management's influence on employee satisfaction and performance. Employee Relations: The International Journal, 42(6), 1181-1203. doi:10.1108/ER-08-2019-0319.
• Macdonald, S., & Maclntyre, P. (1997). The generic job satisfaction scale: Scale development and its correlates. Employee Assistance Quarterly, 13(2), 1-16. doi:10.1300/J022v13n02_01.
• Marsh, H. W., & Hocevar, D. (1985). Application of confirmatory factor analysis to the study of self-concept: First-and higher order factor models and their invariance across groups. Psychological bulletin, 97(3), 562. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.97.3.562.
• Martin, A. J., Jones, E. S. & Callan, V. J. (2006). Status differences in employee adjustment during organizational change. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 21(2), 145-162. doi:10.1108/02683940610650758.
• Morgado, F. F., Meireles, J. F., Neves, C. M., Amaral, A. & Ferreira, M. E. (2017). Scale development: ten main limitations and recommendations to improve future research practices. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, Vol. 30. doi:10.1186/s41155-016-0057-1.
• Nelson, A., Cooper, C. L., & Jackson, P. R. (2018). Uncertainty amidst change: The impact of privatization on employee job satisfaction and well-being. In Managerial, Occupational and Organizational Stress Research (pp. 345-359). Routledge.
• Nunnally, J. (1994). Psychometric methods. New York: McGraw-Hill.
• Oreg, S. & Berson, Y. (2011). Leadership and employees' reactions to change: the role of leaders'personal attributes and transformational leadership style. Personnel psychology, 64(3), 627-659. doi:10.1111/j.1744-6570.2011.01221.x.
• Oreg, S., Vakola, M. & Armenakis, A. (2011). Change recipients' reactions to organizational change: A 60-year review of quantitative studies. The Journal of applied behavioral science, 47(4), 461-524. doi:10.1177/0021886310396550.
• Otoo, F. N. K. (2019). Human resource management (HRM) practices and organizational performance. Employee Relations: The International Journal, 41(5), 949-970. doi:10.1108/ER-02-2018-0053.
• Rahmawati, R., Wardhana, A., & Juniar, A. (2021). Increasing Work Engagement with Employees' Perceptions of Psychological Climate-Based Organizational Changes. In International Conference on Management, Business, and Technology (ICOMBEST 2021) (pp. 89-94). Atlantis Press.
• Rhoades, L. & Eisenberger, R. (2002). Perceived organizational support: a review of the literature. Journal of applied psychology, 87(4), 698-714. doi:10.1037/0021-9010.87.4.698.
• Rosenbaum, D., More, E., & Steane, P. (2018). Planned organisational change management: Forward to the past? An exploratory literature review. Journal of Organizational Change Management, Vol. 31, No. 2, 286-3030. doi:10.1108/JOCM-06-2015-0089.
• Rothe, P., Sarasoja, A. L. & Heywood, C. (2015). Short-distance corporate relocation: the employee experience. Facilities, 33(1/2), 38-60. doi:10.1108/F-05-2013-0037.
• Steigenberger, N. (2015). Emotions in sensemaking: a change management perspective. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 28(3), 432-451. doi:10.1108/JOCM-05-2014-0095.
• Steiger, J. H. (1990). Structural model evaluation and modification: An interval estimation approach. Multivariate behavioral research, 25(2), 173-180. doi:10.1207/s15327906mbr2502_4.
• Tucker, L. R., & Lewis, C. (1973). A reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 38(1), 1-10. doi:10.1007/BF02291170.
• Vakola, M. & Petrou, P. (2018). Organizational Change: Psychological effects and strategies for coping. Routledge. ISBN:9781315386102.
• Wang, W. & Seifert, R. (2017). Pay reductions and work attitudes: the moderating effect of employee involvement practices. Employee Relations, 39(7), 935-950. doi:10.1108/ER-04-2016-0078.
• Yadav, M. & Rangnekar, S. (2015). Supervisory support and organizational citizenship behavior. In Evidence-Based HRM: A Global Forum for Empirical Scholarship. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 3(3), 258-278. doi: 10.1108/EBHRM-04-2014-0014

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.14254/2071-789X.2022/15-1/16