International Differences in the Perceptions of Export Obstacles By SMEs in the Same Firm-Level Characteristics: Evidence from European Countries

• Autorzy: Mehmet Civelek , Jiří Polách , Ilona Švihlíková , Milan Paták
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Research background: Most of SMEs encounter many impediments when performing direct exporting activities. This is because various countries have different legislative and tax burdens and cultural-linguistic diversities that create export barriers for SMEs from other countries. Even SMEs that are the same size, age, from the same sector or legal form, their perceptions of export obstacles might differ depending on countries where they are located. Purpose: This research investigates the differences between the export obstacle perceptions of SMEs from different countries but with the same firm-level characteristics Research methodology: To achieve this aim, the researchers apply a random sampling method to determine the research sample. Moreover, the researchers created an online questionnaire to gather the research data. Finally, 408 SMEs from the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary have been analyzed by performing a Kruskal-Wallis analyses with the Dunnett T3 Post Hoc Test to achieve the aims of the research. Results: The empirical results express the differences and the similarities between the perceptions of export obstacles by SMEs. While the perceptions of Czech-Hungarian and Slovak-Hungarian SMEs do not differ in any same firm-level characteristics, the differences exist between Czech and Slovak SMEs that are smaller in size, older and, that have limited liability and sector categories. Compare with their Czech counterparts in these categories, Slovak SMEs perceive export obstacles less intensively. The approaches of a government on SMEs and investment freedom in a nation and the exporting patterns of SMEs might be the reasons for these similarities and differences among SMEs in various countries which are in the same age, size, sector and legal form categories. Novelty: The significant results that this research proves in same firm-level characteristics and an international context makes this paper unique research in the literature. Therefore, policy makers, academicians, SMEs, and financing institutions might gain many benefits from the findings of this study. (original abstract)

Słowa kluczowe

EN

Small business; Export; Company characteristics

PL

Małe i średnie przedsiębiorstwa; Eksport; Charakterystyka przedsiębiorstwa

• Czasopismo: Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia
• Rocznik: 2022
• Numer: vol. 22, iss. 1
• Strony: 18--45

Twórcy

autor

Mehmet Civelek

• University of Entrepreneurship and Law, Czech Republic

autor

Jiří Polách

• College of Entrepreneurship and Law, Czech Republic

autor

Ilona Švihlíková

• University College of Business in Prague, Czech Republic

autor

Milan Paták

• University College of Business in Prague, Czech Republic

Bibliografia

• Al-Hyari, K., Al-Weshah, G., Alnsour, M. (2012). Barriers to internationalisation in SMEs: evidence from Jordan. Marketing Intelligence & Planning, 30 (2), 188-211. DOI: 10.1108/02634501211211975.
• Ajaz Khan, K., Çera, G., Nétek, V. (2019). Perception of the Selected Business Environment Aspects by Service Firms. Journal of Tourism and Services, 10 (19), 111-127. DOI: 10.29036/jots.v10i19.115.
• Amoah, J., Jibril, A.B., Luki, B.N., Odei, M.A., Yawson, C. (2021). Barriers of SMEs' sustainability in sub-Saharan Africa: a pls-sem approach. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Knowledge, 9 (1), 10-24. DOI: 10.37335/ijek.v9i1.129.
• Bazo, L, Cukanova, M., Markovicova, L., Steinhauser, D. (2019). The Impact of Institutional Environment on Slovak Enterprises and the Institutional Hysteresis Effect. Journal of Competitiveness, 11 (3), 35-52. DOI: 10.7441/joc.2019.03.03.
• Belas, J., Amoah, J., Petráková, Z., Kliuchnikava, Y., Bilan, Y. (2020). Selected Factors of SMEs Management in the Service Sector. Journal of Tourism and Services, 21 (11), 129-146. DOI: 10.29036/jots.v11i21.215.
• Belas, J., Gavurova, B., Cepel, M., Kubak, M. (2020). Evaluation of economic potential of business environment development by comparing sector differences: perspective of SMEs in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Oeconomia Copernicana, 11 (1), 135-159. DOI: 10.24136/oc.2020.006.
• Belas, J., Strnad, Z., Gavurova, B., Čepel, M. (2019). Business environment quality factors research-SME management's platform. Polish journal of management studies, 20 (1), 64-77.
• Belás, J., Sopková, G. (2016). Significant determinants of competitive environment for SMEs in context of fi nancial and credit risks. Journal of International Studies, 9 (2), 139-149. DOI: 10.14254/2071-8330.2016/9-2/10.
• Buno, M., Nadanyiova, M., Hraskova, D. (2015). The comparison of the quality of business environment in the countries of Visegrad group. Procedia Economics and Finance, 26, 423-430.
• Chandra, A., Paul, J., Chavan, M. (2020). Internationalization barriers of SMEs from developing countries: A review and research agenda. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 26 (6), 1281-1310. DOI: 10.1108/IJEBR-03-2020-0167.
• Civelek, M., Ključnikov, A., Dobrovič, J., Hudáková, M. (2016). A model of measurement of the quality of business environment in SME segment. Journal of International Studies, 9 (2), 90-102. DOI: 10.14254/2071-8330.2016/9-2/6.
• Civelek, M., Gajdka, K., Světlík, J., Vavrečka, V. (2020). Differences in the usage of on-line marketing and social media tools: evidence from Czech, Slovakian and Hungarian SMEs. Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy, 15 (3), 537-563. DOI: 10.24136/eq.2020.024.
• Civelek, M., Ključnikov, A., Fialova, V., Folvarčná, A., Stoch, M. (2021). How innovativeness of family-owned SMEs differ depending on their characteristics? Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy, 16 (2), 413-428. DOI: 10.24136/eq.2021 .015.
• Čepel, M., Stasiukynas, A., Kotaskova, A., Dvorský, J. (2018). Business environment quality index in the SME segment. Journal of Competitiveness, 10 (1), 21-40. DOI: 10.7441/joc.2018.02.02.
• Daszkiewicz, N.D.N. (2014). Small and Medium Small and Medium-sized Enterprises in Visegrad sized Enterprises in Visegrad Countries towards Internationalisation Challenges Countries towards Internationalisation Challenges in the European Union in the European Union. Chapter 9, 179-191. Retrieved from http://www.visegrad.uek.krakow.pl/PDF/Cartagena2014_ch09_daszkiewicz.pdf (14.09.2021)
• Dvorský, J., Petráková, Z., Polách, J. (2019). Assessing the market, financial, and economic risk sources by czech and slovak smes. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Knowledge, 7 (2), 30-40. DOI: 10.12345-0008.
• Dvorský, J., Petráková, Z., Ajaz Khan, K., Formánek, I., Mikoláš, Z. (2020). Selected aspects of strategic management in the service sector. Journal of Tourism and Services, 20 (11), 109-123. DOI: 10.29036/jots.v11i20.146.
• Dvorsky, J., Belas, J. Jr., Cera, G., Bilan, S. (2021). Disparities in the perception of business risks in connection with the achieved education of the owner/manager and doing business. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Knowledge, 9 (1), 25-40. DOI: 10.37335/ijek.v9i1.123.
• Éltető, A. (2017). Export as a form of SME-internationalisation after the crisis-experiences of three European regions. Working paper 228. Retrieved from http://real.mtak.hu/54123/1/WP_228_Elteto_u.pdf (8.09.2021).
• Éltető, A. (2018). Export influencing factors in the Iberian, Baltic and Visegrád regions. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Andrea-Elteto/publication/327968160_Trade_and_FDI_policy_promoting_export_-_experiences_of_the_three_peripheral_regions/links/5bafc1f792851ca9ed30cf49/Trade-and-FDI-policy-promoting-export-experiences-of-the-three-peripheral-regions.pdf (1.10.2021).
• Éltető, A., Udvari, B. (2018). Factors influencing the export of Hungarian SMEs. International Journal of Export Marketing, 2 (2), 104-124. DOI: 0.1504/IJEXPORTM.2018.096769.
• Felzensztein, C., Deans, K.R., Dana, L.P. (2019). Small firms in regional clusters: Local networks and internationalization in the Southern Hemisphere. Journal of Small Business Management, 57 (2), 496-516. DOI: 10.1111/jsbm.12388.
• Forte, R., Salomé Moreira, A. (2018). Financial constraints and small and medium-sized firms' export propensity: evidence from Portuguese manufacturing firms. International Journal of the Economics of Business, 25 (2), 223-241. DOI: 10.1080/13571516.2018.1437011.
• Gubik, S.A., Bartha, Z. (2014). SME Internalisation Index (SMINI) Based on the Sample of the Visegrad Countries (chapter 2). In: A.S. Gubik, K. Wach (eds), International Entrepreneurship and Corporate Growth in Visegrad Countries (pp. 23-40). Mickolc: University of Miskolc.
• Haddoud, M.Y., Onjewu, A.-K., Jones, P., Newbery, R. (2018). Investigating the moderating role of Export Promotion Programmes using evidence from North-Africa. Critical perspectives on international business, 14 (2/3), 282-308. DOI: 10.1108/cpoib-11-2016-0059.
• Haddoud, M.Y., Jones, P., Newbery, R. (2021). Export intention in developing countries: A configuration approach to managerial success factors. Journal of Small Business Management, 59 (1), 107-135. DOI: 10.1111/jsbm.12470.
• Hudáková, M., Masár, M. (2018). Assessment of the Key Business Risks of the SMEs in Slovakia and Their Comparison with other EU Countries. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, 6 (4), 145-160. DOI: 10.15678/EBER.2018.060408.
• Hofstede (2021). Compare counties. Retrieved from https://www.hofstede-insights.com/product/compare-countries (31.08.2021).
• Hutchinson, K., Fleck, E., Lloyd-Reason, L. (2009). An investigation into the initial barriers to internationalization: Evidence from small UK retailers. Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 16 (4), 544-568. DOI: 10.1108/14626000911000910.
• Kaputa, V., Paluš, H., Vlosky, R. (2016). Barriers for wood processing companies to enter foreign markets: a case study in Slovakia. European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, 74 (1), 109-122. DOI: 10.1007/s00107-015-0954-5.
• Ključnikov, A., Civelek, M., Polách, J., Mikoláš, Z., Banot, M. (2020). How do security and benefits instill trustworthiness of a digital local currency? Oeconomia Copernicana, 11 (3), 433-465. DOI: 10.24136/oc.2020.018.
• Ključnikov, A., Civelek, M., Vozňáková, I., Krajčík, V. (2020). Can discounts expand local and digital currency awareness of individuals depending on their characteristics? Oeconomia Copernicana, 11 (2), 239-266. DOI: 10.24136/oc.2020.010.
• Ključnikov, A., Civelek, M., Fialova, V., Folvarčná, A. (2021). Organizational, local, and global innovativeness of family-owned SMEs depending on firm-individual level characteristics: evidence from the Czech Republic. Equilibrium. Quarterly Journal of Economics and Economic Policy, 16 (1), 169-184. DOI: 10.24136/eq.2021.006.
• Kolková, A., Ključnikov, A. (2021). Demand forecasting: an alternative approach based on technical indicator Pbands. Oeconomia Copernicana, 12 (4), 863-894. DOI: 10.24136/oc.2021.028.
• Korner, P., Kudrna, Z., Vychodil, O. (2002). Measuring business environment quality in Central Europe. Finance a Uver, 52 (12), 674-697.
• Krammer, S., Strangeb, R., Lashitew, A. (2018). The export performance of emerging economy firms: The influence of firm capabilities and institutional environments. International Business Review, 27 (1), 218-230. DOI: 10.1016/j.ibusrev.2017.07.003.
• Kreiser, P.M., Marino, L.D., Dickson, P., Weaver, K.M. (2010). Cultural Influences on EO: The Impact of National Culture on Risk Taking and Proactiveness in SMEs. Entrepreneurship Theory & Practice, 959-984. DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-6520.2010.00396.x.
• Leonidou, L.C. (2004). An Analysis of the Barriers Hindering Small Business Export Development. Journal of Small Business Management, 42 (3), 279-302. DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-627X.2004.00112.x.
• Lejárraga, I., Oberhofer, H. (2015). Performance of small-and medium-sized enterprises in services trade: Evidence from French firms. Small Business Economics, 45 (3), 673-702. DOI: 10.1007/s11187-015-9647-z.
• Lewandowska, A., Bilan, Y., Mentel, G. (2021). The impact of financial innovation investment support on sme competitiveness. Journal of Competitiveness, 13 (3), 92-110. DOI: 10.7441/ joc.2021.03.06.
• Lobo, C.A., Fernandes, C.I., Ferreira, J.J., Peris-Ortiz, M. (2020). Factors affecting SMEs' strategic decisions to approach international markets. European. Journal of International Management, 14 (4), 617-639. DOI: 10.1504/EJIM.2020.107607.
• Malca, O., Peña-Vinces, J., Acedo, F. (2020) Export promotion programmes as export performance catalysts for SMEs: insights from an emerging economy. Small Business Economics, 55 (3), 831-851. DOI: 10.1007/s11187-019-00185-2.
• Morini, C., Mario Cesar, B.P., da Silva, D., Edmundo, I.J. (2021) Export barriers for smes from emerging market: A Model of Analysis for Non-Tech Companies. BAR - Brazilian Admin********istration Review, 18 (4), 1-31. DOI: 10.1590/1807-7692bar2021200121.
• Mura, L., Gašparíková, V. (2010). Penetration of small and medium sized food companies on foreign markets. Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendelianae Brun., 58, 157-164.
• Narayanan, V. (2015). Export Barriers for Small and Medium-sized Enterprises: A Literature Review based on Leonidou's Model. Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, 3 (2), 105-123. DOI: 10.15678/EBER.2015.030208.
• Niñerola, A., Sánchez-Rebull, M.-V., Hernandez-Lara, A.-B. (2017). Entry modes and barriers to internationalisation in China: an overview of management consulting firms. Measuring Business Excellence, 21 (1), 37-49. DOI: 10.1108/MBE-04-2016-0022.
• Oláh, J., Kovács, S., Virglerova, Z., Lakner, Z., Kovacova, M., Popp, J. (2019). Analysis and comparison of economic and financial risk sources in SMEs of the Visegrad group and Serbia. Sustainability, 11 (7), 1853. DOI: 10.3390/su11071853.
• Pavlák, M. (2018). Barriers to the internationalization of Czech SMEs. European Research Studies Journal, 21 (2), 453-462.
• Peng, M.W. (2016). Global business. Cengage learning.
• Pertuz, V., Miranda, L.F. (2021). Perceptions of barriers to innovate in Colombian manufacturing firms: an analysis by technological intensity. Competitiveness Review, Vol. ahead-ofprint No. ahead-of-print. DOI: 10.1108/CR-08-2020-0102.
• Pietrovito, F., Pozzolo, A.F. (2021). Credit constraints and exports of SMEs in emerging and developing countries. Small Bus Econ, 56, 311-332. DOI: 10.1007/s11187-019-00225-x.
• Polak, J. (2019). Determining Probabilities for a Commercial Risk Model of Czech Exports to China with Respect to Cultural Differences and in Financial Management. Journal of Competitiveness, 11 (3), 109-127. DOI: 10.7441/joc.2019.03.07.
• Radojević, P.D., Marjanović, D., Radovanov, T. (2014). The impact of firms' characteristics on export barriers' perception: a case of Serbian exporters. Prague Economic Papers, 23 (4), 426-445.
• Ruzekova, V., Kittova, Z., Steinhauser, D. (2020). Export Performance as aMeasurement of Competitiveness. Journal of Competitiveness, 12 (1), 145-160. DOI: 10.7441/joc.2020.01.09.
• Salamaga, M. (2020) Proposed research on the relationships between innovation competitiveness and export competitiveness in Central and Eastern European Countries. Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia, 20 (2), 332-345. DOI: 10.2478/foli-2020-0051.
• Salvatore, D. (2013). Introduction to international economics. Wiley.
• Silva, J.R., Franco, M., Magrinho, A. (2016). Empirical investigation of the effects of industry type and firm size on export barriers. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 17 (6), 1052-1065. DOI: 10.3846/16111699.2016.1143874.
• Subrahmanya, M.B. (2014). Degree of internationalization and economic performance of SMEs in Bangalore: Influential factors and outcomes. In Emerging Market Firms in the Global Economy. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. International Finance Review, 15, 35-71. DOI: 10.1108/S1569-376720140000015003.
• Sudarevic, T., Radojevic, P., Marjanovic, D., Dragas, R. (2017). Marketing and financial barriers in agri-food exporting. British Food Journal, 119 (3), 613-624. DOI: 10.1108/BFJ-05-2016-0183.
• Trading Economics (2021). Export by Country, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary. Retrieved from https://tradingeconomics.com/czech-republic/exports-by-country, https://trading-economics.com/slovakia/exports-by-country, https://tradingeconomics.com/hungary/exports-by-country (3.09.2021).
• Tuzová, M., Toulová, M., Kubíčková, L. (2017). The Specifics of the Internationalization Process of Czech SMEs in the Food Industry. Acta Univ. Agric. Silvic. Mendel. Brun, 65, 1055-1064. DOI: 10.11118/actaun201765031055.
• Virglerova, Z., Conte, F., Amoah, J., Massaro, M.R. (2020a). The Perception of Legal Risk and Its Impact on the Business of SMEs. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Knowledge, 8 (2), 1-13. DOI: 10.37335/ijek.v8i2.115.
• Virglerova, Z., Kliestik, T., Rowland, Z., Rozsa, Z. (2020b). Barriers to internationalization of smes in visegrad countries. Transformations in Business & Economics, 19 (3), 58-73.
• Wach, K. (2015). Impact of cultural and social norms on entrepreneurship in the EU: Cross-Country evidence based on gem survey results. Zarządzanie w Kulturze, 16 (1), 15-29. DOI: 10.4467/20843976ZK.15.002.3037.

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.2478/foli-2022-0002