Programy kredytowe dla biednych a regulacja płodności w Bangladeszu

• Autorzy: Michał Matul

Warianty tytułu

Credit programs for the poor and family planning in Bangladesh

• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

Większość autorów jest zgodna, że bardzo wysoki przyrost naturalny (określany terminem eksplozji demograficznej) jest jedną z poważnych przeszkód na drodze do zrównoważonego rozwoju w biednych krajach. Począwszy od Światowej Konferencji Ludnościowej w Bukareszcie (1974), poprzez najbardziej rewolucyjną w tej dziedzinie konferencję "Ludność i Rozwój" w Kairze (1994), zaczęła rozwijać się idea podejmowania wspólnej polityki prowadzącej zarówno do obniżenia współczynnika przyrostu naturalnego, jak i do poprawy wskaźników społeczno-ekonomicznych (Mclntosh, Finkle, 1995; Jain, 1995). Próby włączania polityki ludnościowej do ogólnych planów rozwojowych są podejmowane na całym świecie. Szczególnie interesującym przykładem tego typu działań jest Bangladesz, kraj o bardzo tradycyjnej kulturze i patriarchalnej strukturze społeczeństwa. W ostatnich dwóch dziesięcioleciach w Bangladeszu zanotowano bardzo istotny spadek płodności. Współczynnik dzietności ogólnej obniżył się z około 7 dzieci przypadających na jedną kobietę w późnych latach 1960. do 3,3 dzieci w latach 1994/95. Temu spadkowi towarzyszył gwałtowny wzrost częstości korzystania ze środków antykoncepcyjnych z 19% w roku 1983 do 40% w roku 1991 (Schuler, Hashemi, 1995). Takie niespotykane w krajach biednych zmiany zostały osiągnięte bez większej poprawy innych współczynników rozwoju i są wyłącznie utożsamiane z sukcesem polityki planowania rodziny(abstrakt oryginalny)

EN

This article aims at investigating relationship between participation in microfinance programs and regulation of fertility in Bangladesh during 1975- 1995. Supply and demand factors of the fertility decline are examined. The main conclusion is that family planning programs, which have now very significant outreach, should be accompanied by incentives to lower demand for children. Various microfinance programs born in Bangladesh in the late 1970s are presented as effective and sustainable poverty alleviation efforts reaching around 5 million people in the mid-1990s. The author tries to draw broad conclusions on the impact of microfinance institutions on the fertility decrease on the basis of five different research initiatives accomplished recently in Bangladesh. A variety of methodological approaches used in the research projects allows to triangulate findings that gives a firm background for an analysis. Although there are some contradictory findings, the author concludes that the participation of women in the microfinance program leads to an increase in use of contraceptives and change in their reproductive behavior. It is argued that social mechanisms incorporated in the microcredit delivery (as solidarity group), which enhance modernization and information diffusion, are the main factors leading to the change in the reproductive behavior. Other key factors are reliability of microfinance organizations and economic pressure of loosing an access to credit. It is concluded that microfinance can be an effective tool to create cost-effective, joint development and population policies that will stimulate socio-economic development by promoting family planning as well as decreasing demand for children in poor societies. Therefore more focus on demand aspect of reproductive behavior will result in further decline in fertility in countries such as Bangladesh.(original abstract)

Słowa kluczowe

PL

Przyrost naturalny; Rodzina; Płodność; Planowanie rodziny

EN

Birth rate; Family; Fertility; Family planning

• Czasopismo: Studia Demograficzne
• Rocznik: 2002
• Numer: nr 1(141)
• Strony: 85--116

Twórcy

autor

Michał Matul

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