PL EN


Preferencje help
Widoczny [Schowaj] Abstrakt
Liczba wyników
2022 | 16 | nr 3 | 329--345
Tytuł artykułu

Impact of Credit Facilities and Contemporary Economic Environment on the Accessibility to Credit of Customers - Case Study in Binh Duong, Vietnam

Treść / Zawartość
Warianty tytułu
Języki publikacji
EN
Abstrakty
EN
Recently, accessibility to credit has become a global issue and need to be examined frequently that needs the attention of regulators and researchers. Thus, this study examines the credit facilities (the price of credit and reliability of credit sources) on the accessibility of customer credit at commercial banks in Binh Duong Province, Vietnam, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The study also examines the moderating role of the contemporary economic environment among the nexus of the price of credit, reliability of credit sources and accessibility of the credit of customers at commercial banks in Binh Duong Province. The findings suggested that the price of credit has negative while reliability of credit sources have a positive impact on the accessibility of the credit of customer at commercial banks. The results also revealed that the contemporary economic environment significantly moderates among the nexus of the price of credit, reliability of credit sources and accessibility of the credit of customers at commercial banks. (original abstract)
Słowa kluczowe
Rocznik
Tom
16
Numer
Strony
329--345
Opis fizyczny
Twórcy
  • Thu Dau Mot University, Binh Duong, Vietnam
  • Banking University of Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
  • Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Bibliografia
  • Albu, A.-C., & Albu, L.-L. (2021). Public debt and economic growth in Euro area countries. A wavelet approach. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 27(3), 602-625. https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2021.14241
  • Alobari, C., Naenwi, M., Zukbee, S., & Miebaka, G. (2018). Impact of credit management on bank performance in Nigeria. Equatorial Journal of Finance and Management Sciences, 3(1), 17-23. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3165764
  • Asiyanbi, H., & Ishola, A. (2018). E-banking services impact and customer satisfaction in selected bank branches in Ibadan metropolis, Oyo state, Nigeria. Accounting, 4(4), 153-160. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.ac.2018.3.001
  • Ayswarya, R., Sarala, D., Muralidharan, P., & Ilankadhir, M. (2019). Service quality of mobile banking services in ICICI Bank Limited. Journal of Service Science and Management, 12(05), 649-657. https://doi.org/10.4236/jssm.2019.125045
  • Bahta, D., Yun, J., Islam, M. R., & Bikanyi, K. J. (2021). How does CSR enhance the financial performance of SMEs? The mediating role of firm reputation. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 34(1), 1428-1451. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2020.1828130
  • Baloch, Z. A., Tan, Q., Kamran, H. W., Nawaz, M. A., Albashar, G., & Hameed, J. (2021). A multiperspective assessment approach of renewable energy production: policy perspective analysis. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01524-8
  • Bamata, N., & Fields, Z. (2018). The determinants of start-up awareness to improve access to bank financing for start-up entrepreneurs. Journal of Contemporary Management, 15(Special Edition1), 192-217. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC-1444cec216
  • Banu, I. M. (2013). The impact of credit on economic growth in the global crisis context. Procedia Economics and Finance, 6, 25-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(13)00109-3
  • Boettke, P., & Powell, B. (2021). The political economy of the COVID-19 pandemic. Southern Economic Journal, 87(4), 1090-1106. https://doi.org/10.1002/soej.12488
  • Bokhari, A. A. (2020). The twinning of inflation and unemployment phenomena in Saudi Arabia: Phillips curve perspective. Contemporary Economics, 14(2), 254-272. https://doi.org/10.5709/ce.1897-9254.403
  • Candraningrat, I., Abundanti, N., Mujiati, N., & Erlangga, R. (2021). The role of financial technology on development of MSMEs. Accounting, 7(1), 225-230. http://dx.doi.org/10.5267/j.ac.2020.9.014
  • Castillo-Vergara, M., Quispe-Fuentes, I., & Poblete, J. (2021). Technological innovation in the food industry: A bibliometric analysis. Engineering Economics, 32(3), 197-209. https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.ee.32.3.26000
  • Chaudhary, M., Sodani, P., & Das, S. (2020). Effect of COVID-19 on economy in India: Some reflections for policy and programme. Journal of Health Management, 22(2), 169-180. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972063420935541
  • Chen, J., Wang, Y., & Liu, J. (2020). Capacity choice and government regulation in a vertical industry. Engineering Economics, 31(5), 513-524. https://doi.org/10.5755/j01.ee.31.5.25302
  • Chien, F., Hsu, C.-C., Zhang, Y., Vu, H. M., & Nawaz, M. A. (2021a). Unlocking the role of energy poverty and its impacts on financial growth of household: Is there any economic concern. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16649-6
  • Chien, F., Sadiq, M., Nawaz, M. A., Hussain, M. S., Tran, T. D., & Le Thanh, T. (2021b). A step toward reducing air pollution in top Asian economies: The role of green energy, eco-innovation, and environmental taxes. Journal of Environmental Management, 297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113420
  • Chien, F., Zhang, Y., Sadiq, M., Hsu, C.C. (2021c). Financing for energy efficiency solutions to mitigate opportunity cost of coal consumption: An empirical analysis of Chinese industries, Environmental Science and Pollution Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15701-9
  • Chien, F., Ananzeh, M., Mirza, F., Bakar, A., Vu, H. M., & Ngo, T. Q. (2021d). The effects of green growth, environmental-related tax, and ecoinnovation towards carbon neutrality target in the US economy. Journal of Environmental Management, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113633.
  • Chien, F., Sadiq, M., Kamran, H. W., Nawaz, M. A., Hussain, M. S., & Raza, M. (2021e). Comovement of energy prices and stock market return: environmental wavelet nexus of COVID-19 pandemic from the USA, Europe, and China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12938-2
  • Chinanuife, E., Madueme, S. I., Orji, A., & Anthony-Orji, O. I. (2019). Empirical Determination of the Causal Link between Private Sector Credit and Manufacturing Output in Nigeria. Journal of Advanced Research in Management, 10(1 (19)), 44-50. https://doi.org/10.14505//jarm.v10.1(19).05
  • Dang, H. D., Dam, A. H. T., Pham, T. T., & Nguyen, T. M. T. (2019). Determinants of credit demand of farmers in Lam Dong, Vietnam: A comparison of machine learning and multinomial logit. Agricultural Finance Review, 80(2), 255-274. https://doi.org/10.1108/AFR-06-2019-0061
  • Dengov, V., Tulyakova, I., Gregova, E., & Sviridov, G. (2020). Price strategies of mobile operators in Russia in the conditions of the global economic recession. Oeconomia Copernicana, 11(2), 347-370. https://doi.org/10.24136/oc.2020.015
  • Ehsanullah, S., Tran, Q. H., Sadiq, M., Bashir, S., Mohsin, M., & Iram, R. (2021). How energy insecurity leads to energy poverty? Do environmental consideration and climate change concerns matters. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14415-2.
  • ELIJAH, S. (2019). An empirical analysis of the impact of bank credit on the manufacturing sector output in Nigeria (1986-2016). Journal of Economics Library, 5(4), 371-382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1453/jel.v5i4.1771
  • Escamilla, R., Fransoo, J. C., & Tang, C. S. (2021). Improving agility, adaptability, alignment, accessibility, and affordability in nanostore supply chains. Production and Operations Management, 30(3), 676-688. https://doi.org/10.1111/poms.13309
  • Gaines, V. W., & Kasztelnik, K. (2021). Personnel Factors of Corporate Internal Auditing on the Contemporary Microeconomics Environment in the United States. Contemporary Economics, 15(2). 10.5709/ce.1897-9254.440
  • Gebre Borojo, D., & Yushi, J. (2020). The impacts of institutional quality and business environment on Chinese foreign direct investment flow to African countries. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 33(1), 26-45. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2019.1696691
  • Giang, T. L., & Hang, H. T. T. (2019). Factors Affecting the Bank Credit Accessibility of Rural Households in Vietnam. Asian Journal of Economics and Empirical Research, 6(1), 59-69. 10.20448/journal.501.2019.61.59.69
  • Gichuki, J. A. W., Njeru, A., & Tirimba, O. I. (2014). Challenges facing micro and small enterprises in accessing credit facilities in Kangemi Harambee market in Nairobi City County, Kenya. International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 4(12), 1-25. http://www.ijsrp.org/research-paper-1214.php?rp=P363434
  • Goodell, J. W. (2020). COVID-19 and finance: Agendas for future research. Finance research letters, 35, 101-132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.frl.2020.101512
  • Herkenhoff, K., Phillips, G., & Cohen-Cole, E. (2016). The impact of consumer credit access on employment, earnings and entrepreneurship (No. w22846). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://EconPapers.repec.org/RePEc:nbr:nberwo:22846
  • Hsu, C. C., Quang-Thanh, N., Chien, F., Li, L., & Mohsin, M. (2021). Evaluating green innovation and performance of financial development: mediating concerns of environmental regulation. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14499-w
  • Huang, S. Z., Chau, K. Y., Chien, F., & Shen, H. (2020). The Impact of Startups' Dual Learning on Their Green Innovation Capability: The Effects of Business Executives' Environmental Awareness and Environmental Regulations. Sustainability, 12(16), 1-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12166526
  • Huang, S. Z., Sadiq, M., & Chien, F. (2021a). The impact of natural resource rent, financial development, and urbanization on carbon emission. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16818-7.
  • Huang, SZ., Sadiq, M. & Chien, F. (2021b). Dynamic nexus between transportation, urbanization, economic growth and environmental pollution in ASEAN countries: does environmental regulations matter?. Environ Sci Pollut Res. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17533-z
  • Hussain, H. I., Kamarudin, F., Mohamad Anwar, N. A., Nassir, A. M., Sufian, F., & Tan, K. M. (2020). Impact of Country's Governance Dimensions on Bank Revenue Efficiency: Overview on Middle East, Southeast Asia, and South Asia Countries. Transformations in Business & Economics, 19(1), 191-228. https://oarep.usim.edu.my/jspui/handle/123456789/5656
  • Hussain, H. I., Kot, S., Kamarudin, F., & Yee, L. H. (2021). Impact of rule of law and government size to the microfinance efficiency. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 34(1), 1870-1895. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2020.1858921
  • Hussain, H. I., Szczepańska-Woszczyna, K., Kamarudin, F., Anwar, N. A. M., & Saudi, M. H. M. (2021). Unboxing the black box on the dimensions of social globalisation and the efficiency of microfinance institutions in Asia. Oeconomia Copernicana, 12(3), 557-592. https://doi.org/10.24136/oc.2021.019
  • Kibicho, N. K., & Mungai, J. (2019). Mobile Banking Adoption and Financial Credit Accessibility in Wote Sub-County, Makueni County, Kenya. International Journal of Current Aspects, 3(IV), 65-79. https://doi.org/10.35942/ijcab.v3iIV.47
  • Kot, S., Hussain, H. I., Bilan, S., Haseeb, M., & Mihardjo, L. W. (2021). The role of artificial intelligence recruitment and quality to explain the phenomenon of employer reputation. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 22(4), 867-883. https://doi.org/10.3846/jbem.2021.14606
  • Kumar, G., Saha, R., Buchanan, W. J., Geetha, G., Thomas, R., Rai, M. K., ... Alazab, M. (2020). Decentralized accessibility of e-commerce products through blockchain technology. Sustainable cities and society, 62, 23-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102361
  • Kurgat, F., Owembi, K. O., & Omwono, G. A. (2017). Impact of access to credit facilities on youth economic development: A case of Mwanzo youths in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya. International Journal of Research in Business Studies and Management, 4(1), 24-36. https://doi.org/10.22259/ijrbsm.0401004
  • Li, W., Chien, F., Hsu, C.-C., Zhang, Y., Nawaz, M. A., Iqbal, S., & Mohsin, M. (2021). Nexus between energy poverty and energy efficiency: Estimating the long-run dynamics. Resources Policy, 72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102063
  • Li, W., Chien, F., Kamran, H. W., Aldeehani, T. M., Sadiq, M., Nguyen, V. C., & Taghizadeh-Hesary, F. (2022). The nexus between COVID-19 fear and stock market volatility. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 35(1), 1765-1785. https://doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2021.1914125
  • Liu, Z., Tang, Y. M., Chau, K. Y., Chien, F., Iqbal, W., & Sadiq, M. (2021). Incorporating strategic petroleum reserve and welfare losses: A way forward for the policy development of crude oil resources in South Asia. Resources Policy, 74, 102309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2021.102309
  • Lin, S.-Y., & Chang, H.-I. (2020). Does open-plan office environment support creativity? The mediating role of activated positive mood. Creativity studies, 13(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.3846/cs.2020.10332
  • Linh, T. N., Long, H. T., Chi, L. V., Tam, L. T., & Lebailly, P. (2019). Access to rural credit markets in developing countries, the case of Vietnam: A literature review. Sustainability, 11(5), 146-158. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11051468
  • Mariyono, J. (2019). Micro-credit as catalyst for improving rural livelihoods through agribusiness sector in Indonesia. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 11(1), 98-121. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-06-2017-0046
  • Markowicz, I., & Baran, P. (2020). A new method for calculating mirror data asymmetry in international trade. Oeconomia Copernicana, 11(4), 637-656. https://doi.org/10.24136/oc.2020.026
  • Mogaji, E., Adeola, O., Hinson, R. E., Nguyen, N. P., Nwoba, A. C., & Soetan, T. O. (2021). Marketing bank services to financially vulnerable customers: evidence from an emerging economy. International Journal of Bank Marketing, 39(3), 402-428. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJBM-07-2020-0379
  • Mohsin, M., Kamran, H. W., Nawaz, M. A., Hussain, M. S., & Dahri, A. S. (2021). Assessing the impact of transition from nonrenewable to renewable energy consumption on economic growth-environmental nexus from developing Asian economies. Journal of Environmental Management, 284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.111999
  • Nawaz, M. A., Hussain, M. S., Kamran, H. W., Ehsanullah, S., Maheen, R., & Shair, F. (2021). Trilemma association of energy consumption, carbon emission, and economic growth of BRICS and OECD regions: quantile regression estimation. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(13), 16014-16028. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11823-8
  • Nawaz, M. A., Seshadri, U., Kumar, P., Aqdas, R., Patwary, A. K., & Riaz, M. (2021). Nexus between green finance and climate change mitigation in N-11 and BRICS countries: empirical estimation through difference in differences (DID) approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(6), 6504-6519. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10920-y
  • Nganga, J., & Atheru, G. (2020). Interest rates capping and performance of selected small and medium restaurants in Nairobi West, Nairobi City County, Kenya. International Journal of Business Management, Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 2(3), 61-73. https://doi.org/10.35942/jbmed.v2i3.135
  • Nguyen, P. A., Uong, T. A. T., & Nguyen, Q. D. (2020). How small-and medium-sized enterprise innovation affects credit accessibility: The case of Vietnam. Sustainability, 12(22), 95-116. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229559
  • Nwosu, E. O., & Orji, A. (2016). Access to formal credit and enterprise performance in Nigeria: A gender perspective. Argumenta Oeconomica, 36(1), 191-224. https://doi.org/10.15611/aoe.2016.1.08
  • Nwosu, E. O., & Orji, A. (2017). Addressing poverty and gender inequality through access to formal credit and enhanced enterprise performance in Nigeria: An empirical investigation. African Development Review, 29(S1), 56-72. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8268.12233
  • Nwosu, E. O., Orji, A., Urama, N. E., Emecheta, C., Chukwuma, Q. O., & Chukwuma, J. N. (2020, October). Social capital, credit access and household nonfarm enterprises in Nigeria: A new empirical evidence. In Forum for Social Economics (pp. 1-21). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.1080/07360932.2020.1825983
  • Obergassel, W., Hermwille, L., & Oberthür, S. (2020). Harnessing international climate governance to drive a sustainable recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. Climate Policy, 6, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1080/14693062.2020.1835603
  • Ogechi, B. (2018). Financial deepening and deposit mobilization of commercial banks in Nigeria: A time variant model. Indian Journal of Finance and Banking, 2(2), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.46281/ijfb.v2i2.94
  • Orji, A., Gbuabor, J. E., Ugwu, C. E., & Anthony-Orji, O. I. (2019). Cash reserve requirement and credit to smes in Nigeria: An ardl bounds test aproach. Journal of Asian Business Strategy, 9(1), 10-28. https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.1006.2019.91.10.28
  • Othman, Z., Nordin, M. F. F., & Sadiq, M. (2020). GST fraud prevention to ensure business sustainability: A Malaysian case study. Journal of Asian Business and Economic Studies, 27(3), 245-265. https://doi.org/10.1108/JABES-11-2019-0113
  • Pakurár, M., Haddad, H., Nagy, J., Popp, J., & Oláh, J. (2019). The service quality dimensions that affect customer satisfaction in the Jordanian banking sector. Sustainability, 11(4), 11-24. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11041113
  • Quarshie, M., & Djimatey, R. (2020). Financial performance and liquidity trends of banks in an emerging economy: Evidence from Ghana. Asian Journal of Social Sciences and Management Studies, 7(2), 135-142. https://doi.org/10.20448/journal.500.2020.72.135.142
  • Reddy, M. S., & Cherukuri, J. (2019). Customer relationship management practices and their impact over customer purchase decisions: A study on the selected private sector banks housing finance schemes. Asian Journal of Multidimensional Research (AJMR), 8(2), 132-144. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2278-4853.2019.00041.7
  • Rodin, G., Zimmermann, C., Rodin, D., Al-Awamer, A., Sullivan, R., & Chamberlain, C. (2020). COVID-19, palliative care and public health. European Journal of Cancer, 136, 95-98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2020.05.023
  • Rudnicki, S. (2021). What are ideas made of? On the sociomateriality of creative processes. Creativity studies, 14(1), 187-196. https://doi.org/10.3846/cs.2021.13259
  • Sadiq, M., Hsu, CC., Zhang, Y., Chien, FS. (2021a). COVID-19 fear and volatility index movements: empirical insights from ASEAN stock markets. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15064-1
  • Sadiq, M., Hsu, C. C., Zhang, Y., & Chien, F. (2021b). COVID-19 fear and volatility index movements: empirical insights from ASEAN stock markets. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(47), 67167-67184. https://doi.org/10.1108/CFRI-02-2021-0038
  • Sadiq, M., Alajlani, S., Hussain, M. S., Ahmad, R., Bashir, F., & Chupradit, S. (2021c). Impact of credit, liquidity, and systematic risk on financial structure: Comparative investigation from sustainable production. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17276-x.
  • Shair, F., Shaorong, S., Kamran, H. W., Hussain, M. S., & Nawaz, M. A. (2021). Assessing the efficiency and total factor productivity growth of the banking industry: do environmental concerns matters? Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(16), 20822-20838. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11938-y
  • Sharma, S. K. (2020). Financial development and economic growth in selected Asian economies: A dynamic panel ARDL test. Contemporary Economics, 14(2), 201-219. https://doi.org/10.5709/ce.1897-9254.400
  • Silva, T. C., Tabak, B. M., & Laiz, M. T. (2021). The finance-growth nexus: The role of banks. Economic Systems, 45(1), 17-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecosys.2020.100762
  • Song, H., Yang, Y., & Tao, Z. (2020). How different types of financial service providers support smalland medium-enterprises under the impact of COVID-19 pandemic: From the perspective of expectancy theory. Frontiers of Business Research in China, 14(1), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s11782-020-00095-1
  • Stubbs, T., Kring, W., Laskaridis, C., Kentikelenis, A., & Gallagher, K. (2021). Whatever it takes? The global financial safety net, COVID-19, and developing countries. World Development, 137, 151-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105171
  • Sun, H., Awan, R. U., Nawaz, M. A., Mohsin, M., Rasheed, A. K., & Iqbal, N. (2020). Assessing the socio-economic viability of solar commercialization and electrification in south Asian countries. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-020-01038-9
  • Thi, H. N. N. (2018). The factors affecting accessibility to credit capital of small and medium enterprises in Vietnam. Statistics and Economics, 15(6), 15-25. https://doi.org/10.21686/2500-3925-2018-6-15-25
  • Tirtayasa, Y. (2020). Canvas business strategy in the application of local credits in bank BCA. Dinasti International Journal of Management Science, 1(6), 854-862. https://doi.org/10.31933/dijms.v1i6.394
  • Wentz, B., Pham, D., Feaser, E., Smith, D., Smith, J., & Wilson, A. (2019). Documenting the accessibility of 100 US bank and finance websites. Universal Access in the Information Society, 18(4), 871-880. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10209-018-0616-6
  • Xiang, H., Ch, P., Nawaz, M. A., Chupradit, S., Fatima, A., & Sadiq, M. (2021). Integration and economic viability of fueling the future with green hydrogen: An integration of its determinants from renewable economics. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 46(77), 38145-38162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.09.067
  • Xueying, W., Sadiq, M., Chien, F., Ngo, T. Q., & Nguyen, A. T. (2021). Testing role of green financing on climate change mitigation: Evidences from G7 and E7 countries, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15023-w
  • Zhuang, Y., Yang, S., Chupradit, S., Nawaz, M. A., Xiong, R., & Koksal, C. (2021). A nexus between macroeconomic dynamics and trade openness: moderating role of institutional quality. Business Process Management Journal. https://doi.org/10.1108/BPMJ-12-2020-0594
  • Zinecker, M., Doubravský, K., Balcerzak, A. P., Pietrzak, M. B., & Dohnal, M. (2021). The COVID-19 disease and policy response to mitigate the economic impact in the EU. Technological and Economic Development of Economy, 27(3), 742-762. https://doi.org/10.3846/tede.2021.14585
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikatory
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.ekon-element-000171651864

Zgłoszenie zostało wysłane

Zgłoszenie zostało wysłane

Musisz być zalogowany aby pisać komentarze.
JavaScript jest wyłączony w Twojej przeglądarce internetowej. Włącz go, a następnie odśwież stronę, aby móc w pełni z niej korzystać.