Disentangling the Moral Rightness of Securitization: Data Mining of the Process of Framing and Shaping of Poland-United States Relations

• Autorzy: Agnieszka Kwiatkowska , Karol Chwedczuk-Szulc , Bartosz Bolechów
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Since the democratic transition, Poland-United States relations have been framed by the Polish authorities as a strategic threat-management tool in the securitization process of Poland's geopolitical position, particularly concerning the Russian Federation. We analyse the process of securitization regarding Poland-US relations through latent topic modelling of Polish parliamentary speeches in the years 1991-2017. We demonstrate that the discourse on Polish-US relations is heavily dominated by security topics, narrowly understood as military security. Furthermore, even when economic issues are discussed, they are frequently linked to military operations. Based on Floyd's (2011, 2019) model of the moral rightness of securitization, we argue that the close relationship between securitizing moves (debates on Poland-US relations) and security practices (security events) suggests the basic sincerity of the securitizing actor, while the historical context reflected in the Polish collective memory strongly influences the audience's frame of reference and strengthens the power of the securitizing actor. However, although the case fulfi ls Floyd's (2019) criteria of morally right securitization, we have shown a historical disparity between the scope of securitizing moves with security practices and the existing level of threat. This demonstrates that the securitizing agent has been abusing securitization by exceeding the 'least harmful option', particularly due to the large asymmetry of power of the participants in the relationship, the securitization process stretched over a long period and the threat severity varying over time. (original abstract)

Słowa kluczowe

EN

Politics; Security; Securitization

PL

Polityka; Bezpieczeństwo; Sekurytyzacja

• Czasopismo: Polish Political Science Review. Polski Przegląd Politologiczny
• Rocznik: 2022
• Numer: Vol. 10, Iss. 1
• Strony: 35--58

Twórcy

autor

Agnieszka Kwiatkowska

• SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities

autor

Karol Chwedczuk-Szulc

• University of Wroclaw

autor

Bartosz Bolechów

• University of Wroclaw

Bibliografia

• Adams, M. L. (2009). Herbert Hoover and the Organization of the American Relief Effort in Poland (1919-1923), European Journal of American Studies 4(2), 1-16.
• Andžāns, M. & Sprūds, A. (2021). Securitization And Desecuritization Of Russia In The National Security And Defence Concepts Of Latvia (1995-2020), Journal of International Studies 14(1), 190-200.
• Balzacq, T. (2005). The Three Faces of Securitization: Political Agency, Audience and Context, European Journal of International Relations 11(2), 171-201.
• Balzacq, T., Léonard, S. & Ruzicka, J. (2016). Securitization revisited: theory and cases, International Relations 30(4), 494 -531.
• Baranowski, M. & Cichowski, B. (2015). Poland: Searching for a Strategic Response. In: Forbrig, J. (ed.), A Region Disunited?: Central European Responses to the Russia-Ukraine Crisis, German Marshall Fund of the United States, 34-38.
• Bischof, J. M. & Airoldi, E. M. (2012). Summarizing topical content with word frequency and exclusivity, ICML'12: Proceedings of the 29th International Conference on Machine Learning, Edinburgh, 26 June-1 July, 201-208.
• Bocse, A.-M. (2020). From the United States with shale gas: Ukraine, energy securitization, and the reshaping of transatlantic energy relations, Energy Research & Social Science 69, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101553.
• Buzan, B., Wæver, O. & de Wilde, J. (1998). Security: A New Framework for Analysis, Lynne Rienner Publishers.
• Buzan, B. & Wæver, O. (2003). Regions and Powers. The Structure of Regional Security, Cambridge University Press.
• Cadier, D. (2021). Populist politics of representation and foreign policy: evidence from Poland, Comparative European Politics 19, 703-721.
• Campbell, J. L. (1998). Institutional Analysis and the Role of Ideas in Political Economy, Theory and Society 27(3), 377-409.
• Cordesman, A. (2018). The Comparative Threat from Terrorism Compared to Drug Poisoning, Suicide, Traffic Accidents, and Murder: 1999-2016, Center for Strategic & International Studies, July 23, https://www.csis.org/analysis/comparative-threat-terrorism-compared-drug-poisoning-suicide-traffi c-accidents-and-murder
• de Londras, F. (2022). Just securitisation and transnational counterterrorism, European Journal of International Security 7, 266-270.
• Diamond, J. (2018). 'Fort Trump'? Polish President urges US to consider opening base, CNN Politics, September 19, https://edition.cnn.com/2018/09/18/politics/fort-trump-andrzej-duda-poland/index.html
• Dudzińska, A. (2015). System zamknięty. Socjologiczna analiza procesu legislacyjnego, Wydawnictwo Naukowe Scholar.
• Floyd, R. (2011). Can securitization theory be used in normative analysis? Towards a just securitization theory, Security Dialogue 42(4-5), 427-439.
• Floyd, R. (2019). The Morality of Security: A Theory of Just Securitization, Cambridge University Press.
• Floyd, R. (2022). The morality of security: A reply to critics and where to from here, European Journal of International Security 7, 275-281.
• Frister, R. (2019). Trudne polsko-izraelskie stosunki. Zaczęło się od dyplomacji na niby, Polityka, July 9, ttps://www.polityka.pl/tygodnikpolityka/klasykipolityki/1798370,1,trudne-polsko-izraelskie-stosunki-zaczelo-sie-od-dyplomacji-na-niby.read
• Gasztold, A. (2021). A conspiracy of silence: the CIA black sites in Poland, International Politics, https://doi.org/10.1057/s41311-021-00300-9
• Goff man, E. (1986). Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience, Northeastern University Press.
• Graf, J. & Palowski, J. (2018). Stała obecność wojsk USA zmieni status bezpieczeństwa Polski, Defence24, June 5, https://www.defence24.pl/stala-obecnosc-usa-zmieni-status-bezpieczenstwa-polski-analiza
• Gray, H. & Franck, A. J. (2019). Refugees as/at risk: The gendered and racialized underpinnings of securitization in British media narratives, Security Dialogue 50(3), 275-291.
• Guzzini, S. (2011). Securitization as a Causal Mechanism, Security Dialogue 42(4-5), 329-341.
• Hillstrom, K. & Hillstrom, L. C. (2005). The Industrial Revolution in America: Iron and steel, ABC-CLIO.
• Hunzeker, M. & Lanoszka, A. (2018). The Case for a Permanent U. S. Military Presence in Poland, War on the Rocks, October 22, https://warontherocks.com/2018/10/the-case-for-a-permanent-u-s-military-presence-in-poland/
• Huysmans, J. (2002). Defining Social Constructivism in Security Studies: The Normative Dilemma of Writing Security, Alternatives: Global, Local, Political 27(1), 41-62.
• Jakubowski, T. (2019). Jarosław Kaczyński: Unia nie jest organizacją, która zapewnia bezpieczeństwo, WNP.PL, October 11, ttps://www.wnp.pl/parlamentarny/ludzie/jaroslaw-kaczynski-unia-nie-jest-organizacja-ktora-zapewnia-bezpieczenstwo,42407.html
• Kuper, S. (2015). Our deadliest problem? Not terrorism, Financial Times, July 10, https://www.ft .com/content/125c9f54-24ec-11e5-9c4e-a775d2b173ca
• Kupiecki, R. (2016). The Poland-United States security relations in the light of asymmetry theory, Przegląd Strategiczny 9, 31-48.
• Lamour, C. (2018). Mass media and border securitization in Europe: Investigating the metropolitan "Mediapolis" in an era of right-wing populism, Journal of Urban Affairs 41(4), 535-550.
• Lanoszka, A. (2020). (2020) Poland in a time of geopolitical flux, Contemporary Politics 26(4), 458-474.
• Longhurst, K. (2013). Where from, where to? New and old confi gurations in Poland's foreign and security policy priorities, Communist and Post-Communist Studies 46(3), 363-372.
• Lopez, T. (2021). Aegis Ashore in Poland on Target for 2022, U. S. Department of Defense, November 19, https://www.defense.gov/News/News-Stories/Article/Article/2849023/aegis-ashore-in-poland-on-target-for-2022/
• Łukasiewicz, P. (2016). Szczyt NATO w Warszawie. Perspektywa i krytyczne spojrzenie z Polski, Heinrich Böll Stift ung, July 4, https://pl.boell.org/pl/2016/07/04/szczyt-nato-w-warszawie-perspektywa-i-krytyczne-spojrzenie-z-polski
• MacEachin, D. J. (2000). U. S. Intelligence and the Polish Crisis: 1980-1981, Central Intelligence Agency.
• McCourt, D. (2016). Practice Theory and Relationalism as the New Constructivism, International Studies Quarterly 60, 475-485.
• Mimno, D., Wallach, H. M., Talley, E., Leenders, M. & McCallum, A. (2011). Optimizing Semantic Coherence in Topic Models, Proceedings of the 2011 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, Edinburgh, 27-31 July, 262-272.
• Ministry of National Defence (2016). The Concept of Defence of the Republic of Poland. https://www.gov.pl/web/national-defence/defence-concept11
• Nye, J. S. (2003). Propaganda Isn't the Way: Soft Power, Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, January 10, ttps://www.belfercenter.org/publication/propaganda-isnt-way-soft -power
• Paszyn, M. (2016). Plan unii energetycznej autorstwa Donalda Tuska jako przykład polityki bezpieczeństwa energetycznego UE oraz jego znaczenie dla Polski, Studia Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego 1(9), 143-159.
• Pease, N. (1986). Poland, the United States, and the Stabilization of Europe, 1919-1933, Oxford University Press.
• Pochylska, A. & Terlikowski, M. (2015). Prospects for Polish-U. S. Defence Industrial Cooperation, PISM Policy Paper 13 (115), 1-6.
• Republic of Poland (2014). National Security Strategy of the Republic of Poland. National Security Bureau, https://www.bbn.gov.pl/ft p/dok/01/NSS_RP.pdf
• Republic of Poland (2020). National Security Strategy of the Republic of Poland, National Security Bureau, https://www.bbn.gov.pl/ft p/dokumenty/National_Security_Strategy_of_the_Republic_of_Poland_2020.pdf
• Roberts, M. E., Stewart, B. M. & Tingley, D. (2019). Package 'stm'. Estimation of the Structural Topic Model, Journal of Statistical Software 91(2), 1-40.
• Roe, P. (2022). Not necessarily securitisation, not completely security: Locating 'just securitization theory' in the logics of security, European Journal of International Security 7, 271-275.
• Ruzicka, J. (2019). Failed Securitization: Why It Matters, Polity 51(2), 365-377.
• Saeed, T. (2016). Islamophobia and Securitization: Religion, Ethnicity and the Female Voice, Palgrave Macmillan.
• Sahu, A. K. (2021). From Securitization to Just Securitization and Just Desecuritization: Establishing Synergy between Ethics and Security, International Studies Review 23(2), 436-437.
• Sjoberg, L. (2009). Gender and International Security, Routledge.
• Smith, J. E. (2008). FDR. Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Random House.
• Smura, T. (2018). Polityka zagraniczna i bezpieczeństwo zewnętrzne Polski. Badanie opinii publicznej, Fundacja im. Kazimierza Pułaskiego, ttps://pulaski.pl/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/e661d35d4de1cc10d22db11bfa2e4a07.pdf
• Smura, T. (2019). Relations between the United States and Poland: From Enemy to the Main Security Guarantor, In: Péczeli, A. (ed.), The Relations of Central European Countries with the United States, Dialóg Campus, 101-116
• Stankiewicz, P. (2008). Invisible Risk. Th e Social Construction of Security, Polish Sociological Review 161(1), 55-72.
• Stott, C., West, O., Harrison, M. (2020). A Turning Point, Securitization, and Policing in the Context of Covid-19: Building a New Social Contract Between State and Nation?, Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice 14(3), 574-578.
• Stratfor [unattributed]. (2019). In Poland, a Fixed U. S. Presence Will Warrant a Russian Response, Stratfor, June 7, https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/poland-fixed-us-presence-will-warrant-russian-response
• Szczerbiak, A. (2011). Poland Within the European Union. New Awkward Partner or New Heart of Europe?, Routledge.
• Szopa, M. (2019). F-35, czyli pytania o koszt-efekt, Defence24, June 14, https://www.defence24.pl/f-35-czyli-pytania-o-koszt-efekt-analiza
• Szulecki, K. (2020). Securitization and state encroachment on the energy sector: Politics of exception in Poland's energy governance, Energy Policy 136, doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.111066
• United Nations Security Council. (2000). Security Council resolution 1325 [on women and peace and security], S/RES/1325, October 31, https://www.refworld.org/docid/3b00f4672e.html
• van Baar, H., Ivasiuc, A. & Kreide, R. (Eds., 2019). The Securitization of the Roma in Europe, Palgrave Macmillan.
• Vice, M. (2017). Publics worldwide unfavorable toward Putin, Russia. But few see Russian power and influence as a major threat, Pew Research Center, August 16, https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2017/08/16/publics-worldwide-unfavorable-toward-putin-russia/
• Warner, J. & Boas, I. (2019). Securitization of climate change: How invoking global dangers for instrumental ends can backfire, Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space 37(8), 1471-1488.
• Wæver, O. (1995). Securitization and desecuritization, In: Lipschutz, R. D. (ed.), On Security, Columbia University Press, 46-86.
• Wæver, O. (2011). Politics, security, theory, Security Dialogue 42(4-5), 465-480.
• Williams, M. C. (2003). Words, Images, Enemies, Securitization, and International Politics, International Studies Quarterly 47(4), 511-531.
• Wilson, W. (1918). Address of the President of the United States, delivered at a joint session of the two houses of Congress, January 8, U. S. G. P.O., https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000440597
• Wolfendale, J. (2022). White supremacy as an existential threat: A response to Rita Floyd's The Morality of Security: A Theory of Just Securitization, European Journal of International Security 7, 257-265.
• Zirn, C. & Stuckenschmidt, H. (2014). Multidimensional Topic Analysis in Political Texts, Data and Knowledge Engineering 90, 38-53

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.2478/ppsr-2022-0003