Reflections on the Emigration Aspirations of Young, Educated People in Small Balkan Countries: A Qualitative Analysis of Reasons to Leave or Stay in North Macedonia

• Autorzy: Kimberly A. Parker , Erin B., Hester , Sarah A. Geegan , Anita Ciunova-Shuleska , Bobi Ivanov
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

For small, low-to-middle-income countries such as North Macedonia, the prospect of young, educated people leaving their place of residence (i.e. emigrating) can have significant negative societal-level effects. Understanding the complexity of the brain-drain phenomenon and its antecedents is critical to developing multi-level (i.e. global, societal and individual) strategic solutions. A qualitative analysis of several focus- group interviews was used to understand young, educated residents' reasons either for emigrating or for remaining in North Macedonia. Two overarching themes served to organise the participant-identified driv- ers for emigration and those opposed to it. Three sub-themes emerged describing the factors for emigration: 1) a lack of professional opportunities, 2) institutional systems, and 3) cultural tightness. Likewise, three sub-themes emerged describing the factors for staying: 1) community, 2) culture and 3) social responsibility. Insights serve to contextualise some of the experiences of young, educated people in small, low-to-middle-income, countries which impact on their emigration decisions(original abstract)

Słowa kluczowe

EN

Migration; Emigration; Brain exchange

PL

Migracja; Emigracja; Drenaż mózgów

• Czasopismo: Central and Eastern European Migration Review
• Rocznik: 2022
• Tom: 11
• Numer: nr 1
• Strony: 69--84

Twórcy

autor

Kimberly A. Parker

• University of Kentucky

autor

Erin B., Hester

• University of Kentucky

autor

Sarah A. Geegan

• University of Kentucky

autor

Anita Ciunova-Shuleska

• Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, North Macedonia.

autor

Bobi Ivanov

• University of Kentucky, US

Bibliografia

• Adeyemi R. A., Joel A., Ebenezer J. T., Attah E. Y. (2018). The Effect of Brain Drain on the Economic Development of Developing Countries: Evidence from Selected African Countries. Journal of Health and Social Issues 7(2): 66-76.
• Ambroso G. (2006). The Balkans at a Crossroads: Progress and Challenges in Finding Durable Solutions for Refugees and Displaced Persons from the Wars in the Former Yugoslavia. Research Paper No. 133. Geneva: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Policy Development and Evaluation Service.
• Aslany M., Carling J., Mjelva M. B., Sommerfelt T. (2021). Systematic Review of Determinants of Migration Aspirations. Southampton: University of Southampton, QuantMig Project Deliverable D2.2. https://www.quantmig.eu/res/files/QuantMig%20D22%202021-01-29.pdf (accessed 28 June 2022).
• Beine M., Docquier F., Rapoport H. (2008). Brain Drain and Human Capital Formation in Developing Countries: Winners and Losers. The Economic Journal 118(528): 631-652.
• Boswell C. (2002). Addressing the Causes of Migratory and Refugee Movements: The Role of the European Union. Working Paper No. 73. Geneva: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
• Braun V., Clarke V. (2006). Using Thematic Analysis in Psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology 3(2): 77-101.
• Carling J., Collins F. (2018). Aspiration, Desire and Drivers of Migration. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 44(6): 909-926.
• De Haas H. (2011). The Determinants of International Migration: Conceptualising Policy, Origin and Destination Effects. Working Paper No. 32. Amsterdam: International Migration Institute.
• Docquier F., Rapoport H. (2012). Globalization, Brain Drain, and Development. Journal of Economic Literature 50(3): 681-730.
• Docquier F., Lohest O., Marfouk A. (2007). Brain Drain in Developing Countries. The World Bank Economic Review 21(2): 193-218. Dodani S., LaPorte R. E. (2005). Brain Drain from Developing Countries: How Can Brain Drain Be Converted into Wisdom Gain? Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 98(11): 487-491.
• Domínguez-Mujica J., Díaz-Hernández R., Parreño-Castellano J. (2016). Migrating Abroad to Get Ahead: The Emigration of Young Spanish Adults During the Financial Crisis (2008-2013), in: J. Domínguez-Mujica (ed.), Global Change and Human Mobility, pp. 203-223. Singapore: Springer.
• Dubucs H., Pfirsch T., Schmoll C. (2017). Talking About my Generation: Emigration and a 'Sense of Generation' Among Highly Skilled Young Italians in Paris, in: L. Murray, S. Robertson (eds), Intergenerational Mobilities: Relationality, Age and Lifecourse, pp. 78-90. London: Routledge.
• Duda-Mikulin E. A. (2018). Should I Stay or Should I Go? Exploring Polish Women's Returns 'Home.' International Migration 56(4): 140-153.
• Dunaetz D. R. (2019). Cultural Tightness-Looseness: Its Nature and Missiological Applications. Missiology: An International Journal 47(4): 410-421.
• Efendic A. (2016). Emigration Intentions in a Post-Conflict Environment: Evidence from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Post-Communist Economies 28(3): 335-352.
• Eurostat (2020). Statistics on Migration, Residence Permits, Citizenship and Asylum for the Enlargement Countries. Brussels: European Commission. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/4031688/10361659/KS-03-20-002-EN-N.pdf/26f0dc16-4a08-2707-f8d5-8b1b84794169 (accessed 28 June 2022).
• EU Science Hub (2018). What Drives International Migration? https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/jrc-news/what-drives-international-migration-2018-09-27_en (accessed 28 June 2022).
• Gallup (2018). Potential Net Migration Index [data set]. https://news.gallup.com/migration/interactive.aspx(accessed 28 June 2022).
• Gelfand M. J., Nishii L. H., Raver J. L. (2006). On the Nature and Importance of Cultural Tightness-Looseness. Journal of Applied Psychology 91(6): 1225-1244.
• Grant S. (2019). Dirty Air, Emigration Threaten North Macedonia, Leader says. KGET.com, 19 December.https://www.kget.com/health/dirty-air-emigration-threaten-north-macedonia-leader-says/ (accessed 28 June2022).
• Hagen-Zanker J. (2015). Why Do People Migrate? A Review of the Theoretical Economic Literature, in: D. Acosta Arcarazo, A. Wiesbrock (eds), Global Migration: Old Assumptions, New Dynamics, pp. 59-80. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO , Praeger Publishers Inc.
• Hendriks M. (2018). Does Migration Increase Happiness? It Depends. Washington DC: Migration Policy Institute.
• IOM (2020). World Migration Report 2020. Geneva: International Organization for Migration.
• Ionescu L. (2015). Emigration from Eastern Europe with a Focus on Brain Drain. Journal of Social and Economic Statistics 4(2): 54-74.
• IQAir (2019). World's Most Polluted Cities. https://www.iqair.com/us/world-most-polluted-cities (accessed 28 June 2022).
• Israel E., Cohen N., Czamanski D. (2019). Return on Capital? Determinants of Counter-Immigration among Early Career Israeli STEM Researchers. PloS One 14(8): e0220609.Janeska, V., Mojsovska, S., Lozanoska. A. (2016). Brain Drain from the Republic of Macedonia - Trends, Implications, Policies. Economic Development 3: 23-37.
• Ivanovska A., Mojsovski A., Kacarska S. (2019). Youth Employment in the Republic of North Macedonia. Skopje: European Policy Institute.
• King R., Oruc N. (2019). Editorial Introduction: Migration in the Western Balkans - Trends and Chal- lenges. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies 21(1): 1-10.
• Koleša I. (2019). Emigrants from the Western Balkans: The Region's Money Sacks? In: M. Elo, I. Minto-Coy(eds), Diaspora Networks in International Business: Contributions to Management Science. Cham: Springer. Krieger H. (2004). Migration Trends in an Enlarged Europe. Dublin: European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions.
• Kvedaraite N., Baksys D., Repečkienė A., Glinskienė R. (2015). Research of Experience of Emigration for Employment and Education Purposes of Students. Engineering Economics 26(2): 196-203.
• Lee J., Carling J., Orrenius P. (2014). The International Migration Review at 50: Reflecting on Half a Century of International Migration Research and Looking Ahead. International Migration Review 48(1): 3-36.
• Levitt P., Lamba-Nieves D. (2010). 'It's Not Just About the Economy, Stupid' - Social Remittances Revisited. Washington DC: Migration Policy Institute.
• Lowell B. (2009). The Future of International Migration to OECD Countries. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development.
• Marsella A. J., Ring E. (2003). Human Migration and Immigration: An Overview, in: L. L. Adler, U. P. Gielen(eds), Migration: Immigration and Emigration in International Perspective, pp. 3-22. Westport CT, London: Praeger.
• Massey D. S., Arango J., Hugo G., Kouaouci A., Pellegrino A., Taylor J. E. (1993). Theories of InternationalMigration: A Review and Appraisal. Population and Development Review 19(3): 431-466.
• Mata-Codesal D. (2015). Ways of Staying Put in Ecuador: Social and Embodied Experiences of Mobility-Immobility Interactions. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 41(14): 2274-2290. Miao H. (2021). Facing Shortage of High-Skilled Workers, Employers, are Seeking More Imigrant Talent,Study Finds. CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2021/06/10/study-employers-seek-immigrants-amid-shortage-of-high-skilled-workers.html (accessed 28 June 2022).
• Morgan D. L. (1997). Focus Groups as Qualitative Research. London: Sage.
• Morgan D. L. (2019). Basic and Advanced Focus Groups. London: Sage.
• Parkins N. C. (2010). Push and Pull Factors of Migration. American Review of Political Economy 8(2): 6-24.
• Petreski M. (2021). Return Migration and Health Outcomes in North Macedonia. International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 17(3): 353-371.
• Pettit H., Ruijtenberg W. (2019). Migration as Hope and Depression: Existential Im/Mobilities in and beyond Egypt. Mobilities 71(1): 730-744. Rakauskienė O. G., Ranceva O. (2014). Youth Unemployment and Emigration Trends. Intellectual Economics 8(1): 165-177.
• Rittel H., Webber M. M. (1973). Dilemmas in a General Theory of Planning. Policy Sciences 4(2): 155-169.
• Rye. (2019). Transnational Spaces of Class: International Migrants' Multilocal, Inconsistent and Instable Class Positions. Current Sociology 67(1), 27-46.
• Schewel K. (2020). Understanding Immobility: Moving beyond the Mobility Bias in Migration Studies. International Migration Review 54(2): 328-355.
• Van Hear N. (1998). News Diasporas. The Mass Exodus, Dispersal, and Regrouping of Migrant Communities. London: UCL Press.
• Van Hear N., Bakewell O., Long K. (2012). Drivers of Migration: Migrating Out of Poverty. RPC Working Paper No. 1. Brighton: University of Sussex, Migrating Out of Poverty Consortium.
• Van Mol C. (2016). Migration Aspirations of European Youth in Times of Crisis. Journal of Youth Studies 19(10): 1303-1320.
• Westminster Foundation for Democracy (2019). Cost of Youth Emigration. London: Institute for Development and Innovations, Western Balkans Initiative for Democracy.
• Williams A. M., Jephcote C., Janta H., Li G. (2018). The Migration Intentions of Young Adults in Europe: A Comparative, Multilevel Analysis. Population, Space and Place 24(1): e2123.
• Zhatkanbaeva A., Zhatkanbaeva J., Zhatkanbaev E. (2012). The Impact of Globalization on 'Brain Drain' in Developing Countries. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 47: 1490-1494.

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.54667/ceemr.2022.07