Does The Household Structure Create Child Labor? The Case in Indonesia

• Autorzy: Adhitya Wardhana , Bayu Kharisma , Alfiah Hasanah , Sabila Nurhanifa
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

The existence of child labor is a complex phenomenon and is often considered a logical consequence, in a household, of the economic needs of poverty-stricken families. This is due to several factors such as the condition of the child himself, the family background, and the influences of parents, culture and environment. This paper aims to determine the effect of household structure on child labor by comparing households headed by divorced single mothers and nuclear households that include a mother and father in Indonesia. This study uses cross-sectional data from the 2014 Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) with the instrumental variable (IV) method. The results showed that, for the nuclear households that include a mother and father, the probability of child labor decreased, or that when a divorced single mother heads the household, the likelihood of child labor increases, including in rural areas. The same thing happens when households headed by divorced single mothers tend to increase the likelihood of sons being sent into the labor market. Thus, household structure has a vital role in determining the decisions of parents to engage their children in paid employment.(original abstract)

Słowa kluczowe

EN

Family farm; Divorces; Children

PL

Rodzinne gospodarstwo rolne; Rozwody; Dzieci

• Czasopismo: Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series
• Rocznik: 2022
• Numer: No. 58
• Strony: 169--182

Twórcy

autor

Adhitya Wardhana

• Universitas Padjadjaran, Department of Economics, Jalan Dipati Ukur

autor

Bayu Kharisma

• Universitas Padjadjaran, Department of Economics, Jalan Dipati Ukur

autor

Alfiah Hasanah

• Universitas Padjadjaran, Department of Economics, Jalan Dipati Ukur

autor

Sabila Nurhanifa

• Universitas Padjadjaran, Department of Economics, Jalan Dipati Ukur

Bibliografia

• Admaw, T. & Ghosal, S. (2018). Socio-Economic Determinants of Child Labor Exploitation: the Case Study of Jimma Town, Ethiopia. International Journal of Economics & Finance Research & Applications, 2(1): 12-23.
• Amato, P.R. (1994). Life-Span Adjustment of Children to Their Parents' Divorce. The Future of Children, 4(1): 143- 164. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1602482.
• Amato, P.R. (2001). Children of divorce in the 1990s: An update of the Amato and Keith (1991) meta-analysis. Journal of Family Psychology, 15(3): 355-370. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.15.3.355.
• Ariyanti, I., Marwa, T., Tarmizi, N. & Soebyakto, B.B. (2016). Eurasian journal of social sciences. Eurasian Journal of Social Sciences, 4(3): 36-47. DOI: https://doi. org/10.15604/ejss.2016.04.03.004.
• Badan Pusat Statistik. (2007). Jumlah Nikah, Talak dan Cerai, serta Rujuk (Pasangan Nikah), 2007. Badan Pusat Statistik. (2009). Pekerja Anak di Indonesia 2009.
• Bandara, A., Dehejia, R. & Lavie-Rouse, S. (2015). The Impact of Income and Non-Income Shocks on Child Labor: Evidence from a Panel Survey of Tanzania. World Development, 67: 218-237. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j. worlddev.2014.10.019.
• Basu, K. & Van, P.H. (1998). The economics of child labor. American Economic Association, 88(3): 412-427.
• Baum, C.F., Schaffer, M.E. & Stillman, S. (2007). Enhanced routines for instrumental variables/generalized method of moments estimation and testing. Stata Journal, 7(4): 465- 506. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867x0700700402.
• Bhalotra, S. & Heady, C. (2003). Child farm labor: The wealth paradox. World Bank Economic Review, 17(2): 197-227. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/wber/lhg017.
• Biblarz, T.J. & Gottainer, G. (2000). Family Structure and Children's Success A Comparison. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 62: 533-548. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ j.1741-3737.2000.00533.
• Brown, D.K., Deardorff, A.V & Stern, R.M. (2002). The Determinants of Child Labor: Theory and Evidence. Research Seminar in International Economics Discussion Paper, 486(486): 1-83.
• Cockburn, J. & Dostie, B. (2007). Child Work and Schooling: The Role of Household Asset Profiles and Poverty in Rural Ethiopia. Journal of African Economies, 16(4): 519- 563. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jae/ejl045.
• Cummings, P.M. (2016). Child Labor and Household Composition: Determinants of Child Labor in Mexico. Asian Journal of Latin American Studies, 29: 29-54.
• de Mesquita, S.P. & de Farias Souza, W.P.S. (2018). Child labor and family structure: the role of divorce. International Journal of Social Economics, 45(10): 1453- 1468. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSE-07-2017-0287.
• De Graff, D.S. & Bilsborrow, R.E. (1993). Female-headed households and family welfare in rural Ecuador. Journal of Population Economics, 6: 317-336. DOI: https://doi. org/10.1007/BF00599041.
• Dommaraju, P. & Jones, G. (2011). Divorce trends in Asia. Asian Journal of Social Science, 39(6): 725-750. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/156853111X619201.
• Dumas, C. (2013). Market Imperfections and Child Labor. World Development, 42: 127-142. DOI: https://doi. org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.08.004.
• Edmonds, E.V. (2006). Understanding sibling differences in child labor. Journal of Population Economics, 19(4): 795- 821. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00148-005-0013-3.
• Edmonds, E.V. & Pavcnik, N. (2005). Child labor in the global economy. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 19(1): 199- 220. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1257/0895330053147895.
• Emerson, P.M., Souza, A.P., The, S., Bank, W., Review, E., Emerson, P.M. & Souza, A.P. (2017). Child Labor, School Attendance, and Intrahousehold Gender Bias in Brazil. Oxford Journals, 21(2): 301-316. DOI: https://doi. org/10.1093/wber/lhm001.
• Furstenberg, F.F. & Kiernan, K.E. (2001). Delayed parental divorce: How much do children benefit? Journal of Marriage and Family, 63(2): 446-457. DOI: https://doi. org/10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.00446.x.
• Goswami, S. & Jain, V. (2006). Determinants of Child Labour Participation: Review of Issues and Implications for Policy. Management and Labour Studies, 31(4): 388- 398. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0258042x0603100406.
• Haszelinna binti Abang Ali, D. & Arabsheibani, G.R. (2016). Child Labour in Indonesia: Supply-Side Determinants. Economics and Finance in Indonesia, 62(3): 162. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7454/efi.v62i3.555.
• Hernan, M.A., & Robins, J.M. (2006). Instruments for Causal Inference- An Epidemiologist Dream? Epidemiology, 17(4): 360-372. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/01. ede.0000222409.00878.37.
• ILO. (2017). Global Estimates of Child Labour: Result and trends, 2012-2016. ILO.
• ILO. (2021). Indonesia To Focus Its Child Labour Programme in Rural Area.
• Ismiati. (2018). Perceraian Orangtua dan Problem Psikologis Anak (Parental divorce and children's psychological problems - in Indonesian). Jurnal At-Taujih, 1(1): 1-16.
• Jamil, A. (2015). Isu dan Realitas di Balik Tingginya Angka Cerai-Gugat di Indramayu. Jurnal Harmoni, 14(2): 138- 159. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30984/as.v2i2.223.
• Junaedi, M. (2018). Fenomena Perceraian dan Perubahan Sosial: Studi Kasus di Kabupaten Wonosobo (The phenomenon of divorce and social change: a case study in Wonosobo district- in Indonesian). Jurnal Studi Al-Qur'an Dan Hukum, 4(1): 83-104. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32699/ syariati.v4i01.1166.
• Kalil, A. & Ryan, R.M. (2010). Mothers' economic conditions and sources of support in fragile families. The Future of Children, 20(2): 39-69. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/ foc.2010.0009.
• Kementerian Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Perlindungan Anak. (2020). Profil Anak Indonesia 2020. Kementerian Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Perlindungan Anak (Kemen PPPA).
• Kiernan, K.E. (1992). The impact of family disruption in childhood on transitions made in young adult life. Population Studies: A Journal of Demography, 46(2): 213- 234. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0032472031000146206.
• Manning, W.D. (2015). Cohabitation and child wellbeing. Future of Children, 25(2): 51-66. DOI: https://doi. org/10.1353/foc.2015.0012.
• Manski, C.F., Sandefur, G.D., McLanahan, S. & Powers, D. (1992). Alternative Estimates of the Effect of Family Structure During Adolescence on High School Graduation. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 87(417): 25-37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1992.1047 5171.
• Martin, M. (2013). Child labour: parameters, developmental implications, causes and consequences. Contemporary Social Science, 8(2): 156-165. DOI: https://doi.org/10.10 80/21582041.2012.751501.
• Matondang, A. (2014). Faktor-faktor yang Mengakibatkan Perceraian dalam Perkawinan (Factors that lead to divorce in marriage - in Indonesian). Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan Dan Sosial Politik UMA, 2(2): 141-150.
• McLanahan, S. & Percheski, C. (1985). Family Structure and the Reproduction of Poverty. American Journal of Sociology, 90(4): 873-901. https://doi.org/10.1146/ annurev.soc.34.040507.134549.
• Menteri Ketenagakerjaan Republik Indonesia. (2015). Peta Jalan (Roadmap) Menuju Indonesia Bebas Pekerja Anak Tahun 2022. Keputusan Menteri Ketenagakerjaan Republik Indonesia Nomor 259 tahun 2015 tentang Penetapan Standar Kompetensi Kerja Nasional Indonesia Kategori Industri Pengelohan Golongan Pokok Industri Tesktil Bidang Tenunan Tradisional.
• Moehling, C.M. (2004). Family structure, school attendance, and child labor in the American South in 1900 and 1910. Explorations in Economic History, 41(1): 73-100. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eeh.2003.07.001.
• Nursita, L. & Putri, A.T.L. (2018). Standardization The Effect of Parent's Social Demographic Conditions on Working Hours among Child Labors in Makassar City. Jurnal Ilmiah Ilmu Administrasi Publik: Jurnal Pemikiran Dan Penelitian Administrasi Publik, 8: 127-136. DOI: https:// doi.org/10.26858/jiap.v8i2.7881.
• Ozoh, J.N. & Uzonwanne, M. (2017). Child Labour and Its Determinants in Informal Sector of Onitsha, Anambra State, Nigeria. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences, 7(20): 104-117. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3199905.
• Psacharopoulos, G. (1997). Child labor versus educational attainment some evidence from Latin America. Journal of Population Economics, 10(4): 377-386. DOI: https://doi. org/10.1007/s001480050049.
• Purwanti, P.A.P. (2014). Pengaruh Karakteristik Rumah Tangga Desa dan Kota terhadap Alokasi Waktu Anak untuk Bekerja di Indonesia (The effect of rural and urban household characteristics on children's time allocation to work in Indonesia- in Indonesian). Jurnal Kependudukan Dan Pengembangan Sumber Daya Manusia, 10(2): 86-93.
• Rais, I. (2014). Tingginya Angka Cerai Gugat (Khulu') di Indonesia: Analisis Kritis terhadap Penyebab dan Alternatif Solusi Mengatasinya (Raising statistics of contested divorce (Khulu') in Indonesia: Critical Analysis of the causes and alternative solutions - in Indonesian). Al-'Adalah, 12(1): 191-204. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24042/ adalah.v12i1.183.
• Ray, R. (2000). Analysis of child labour in Peru and Pakistan : A comparative study. Journal of Population Economics, 13: 3-19. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s001480050119.
• Satriawan, E. & Ghifari, A.T. (2018). How does parental income affect child labor supply? evidence From the Indonesia family life survey. TNP2K Working Paper 2-2018, (February).
• Serra, R. (2009). Child fostering in Africa: When labor and schooling motives may coexist. Journal of Development Economics, 88(1): 157-170. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jdeveco.2008.01.002.
• Soares, R.R., Kruger, D. & Berthelon, M. (2012). Household choices of child labor and schooling: A simple model with application to Brazil. Journal of Human Resources, 47(1): 1-31. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3368/jhr.47.1.1.
• Sulistyowati, R. (2019). Determinan Pekerja Anak di Kabupaten Sintang Provinsi Kalimantan Barat. In Prosiding SATIESP, 119-131.
• Suryahadi, A., Priyambada, A. & Sumarto, S. (2005). What Happened to Child Labor in Indonesia during the Economic Crisis: The Trade-off between School and Work The. Development and Change, 36: 351-373. DOI: https:// doi.org/10.1111/j.0012-155X.2005.00414.x.
• Utama, R.S. & Handayani, D. (2020). Pekerja Anak Di Indonesia : Peran Penawaran Dan Permintaan Ketenagakerjaan (Child labor in Indonesia, The role of labor demand and supply - in Indonesian). Jurnal Ekonomi Kuantitatif Terapan, 13(1): 145-157. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24843/JEKT.2020.v13.i01.p07.
• Wahba, J. (2006). The influence of market wages and parental history on child labour and schooling in Egypt. Journal of Population Economics, 19(4): 823-852. DOI: https://doi. org/10.1007/s00148-005-0014-2.
• Wooldridge, J.M. (2013). Introductory Econometrics: A Modern Approach (5th ed.).
• Zafar, Z., Sarwar, I. & Haider, S.I. (2016). Socio-Economic and Political Causes of Child Labor: the Case of Pakistan. Global Political Review, 1(1): 32-43. DOI: https://doi. org/10.31703/gpr.2016(i-i).04

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.12775/bgss-2022-0041