Military Spending and CO2 Emissions: Empirical Findings from Countries with Highest Per Capita Military Spending

• Autorzy: Waldemar Tarczyński , Łukasz Roman , Raufhon Salahodjaev , Sardor Azam
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

This study aims to contribute to existing research on CO2 emissions by focusing on military spending. We use data from 47 countries with the highest levels of per capita military spending over the period from 2000 to 2015. The results from the two-stage GMM estimator suggest a positive relationship between defence spending and CO2 emissions: 1% increase in per capita military spending leads to a 0.05% increase in CO2 emissions per capita. GDP per capita has an inverted U-shaped relationship with CO2 emissions, which confirms the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis. Renewable energy is also found to mitigate CO2 emissions. Some policy implications of this study are discussed. (original abstract)

Słowa kluczowe

EN

Gas emissions; Renewable energy; Military expenditures

PL

Emisja gazów; Energia odnawialna; Wydatki wojskowe

• Czasopismo: Journal of International Studies
• Rocznik: 2023
• Tom: 16
• Numer: nr 2
• Strony: 211--221

Twórcy

autor

Waldemar Tarczyński

• University of Szczecin, Poland

autor

Łukasz Roman

• University of Justice, Warsaw, Poland

autor

Raufhon Salahodjaev

• Akfa University, Uzbekistan, Tashkent State University of Economics, Uzbeksitan

autor

Sardor Azam

• Akfa University, Uzbekistan

Bibliografia

• Adebayo, T. S. (2020). Revisiting the EKC hypothesis in an emerging market: an application of ARDL-based bounds and wavelet coherence approaches. SN Applied Sciences, 2(12), 1-15.
• Ahmad, N. A., Ismail, N. W., Ahmad Sidique, S. F., & Mazlan, N. S. (2021). Air pollution effects on adult mortality rate in developing countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(7), 8709-8721.
• Ahmad, N., Du, L., Lu, J., Wang, J., Li, H. Z., & Hashmi, M. Z. (2017). Modelling the CO2 emissions and economic growth in Croatia: is there any environmental Kuznets curve?. Energy, 123, 164-172.
• Ahmed, K., & Long, W. (2013). An empirical analysis of CO2 emission in Pakistan using EKC hypothesis. Journal of International Trade Law and Policy, 12(2), 188-200.
• Ahmed, S., Alam, K., Rashid, A., & Gow, J. (2020b). Militarisation, energy consumption, CO2 emissions and economic growth in Myanmar. Defence and Peace Economics, 31(6), 615-641.
• Ahmed, Z., Zafar, M. W., & Mansoor, S. (2020a). Analyzing the linkage between military spending, economic growth, and ecological footprint in Pakistan: evidence from cointegration and bootstrap causality. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(33), 41551-41567.
• Arouri, M. E. H., Youssef, A. B., M'henni, H., & Rault, C. (2012). Energy consumption, economic growth and CO2 emissions in Middle East and North African countries. Energy policy, 45, 342-349.
• Baek, J. (2015). Environmental Kuznets curve for CO2 emissions: the case of Arctic countries. Energy Economics, 50, 13-17.
• Ben Jebli, M., Ben Youssef, S., & Apergis, N. (2019). The dynamic linkage between renewable energy, tourism, CO2 emissions, economic growth, foreign direct investment, and trade. Latin American Economic Review, 28(1), 1-19.
• Beşe, E., & Kalayci, S. (2021). Environmental Kuznets curve (EKC): empirical relationship between economic growth, energy consumption, and CO2 emissions: evidence from 3 developed countries. Panoeconomicus, (00), 4-4.
• Bildirici, M. (2019). CO2 emissions and militarisation in G20 countries: Panel cointegration and causality approaches. International Journal of Oil, Gas and Coal Technology, 22(1), 104-121.
• Burke, M., González, F., Baylis, P., Heft-Neal, S., Baysan, C., Basu, S., & Hsiang, S. (2018). Higher temperatures increase suicide rates in the United States and Mexico. Nature climate change, 8(8), 723-729.
• Carbonell, J. R. (2016). Military spending, liberal institutions and state compliance with international environmental agreements. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, 16(5), 691-719.
• Caruso, R., & Di Domizio, M. (2017). Military spending and budget deficits: the impact of US military spending on public debt in Europe (1988-2013). Defence and peace economics, 28(5), 534-549.
• Chen, Y., & Lee, C. C. (2020). Does technological innovation reduce CO2 emissions? Cross-country evidence. Journal of Cleaner Production, 263, 121550.
• Cole, M. A., Rayner, A. J., & Bates, J. M. (1997). The environmental Kuznets curve: an empirical analysis. Environment and development economics, 2(4), 401-416.
• d'Agostino, G., Dunne, J. P., Lorusso, M., & Pieroni, L. (2020). Military spending, corruption, persistence and long run growth. Defence and Peace Economics, 31(4), 423-433.
• Disli, M., Ng, A., & Askari, H. (2016). Culture, income, and CO2 emission. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 62, 418-428.
• Erdogan, S., Gedikli, A., Çevik, E. İ., & Öncü, M. A. (2022). Does military expenditure impact environmental sustainability in developed Mediterranean countries?. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-19.
• Erdoğan, S., Yıldırım, D. Ç., & Gedikli, A. (2019). The relationship between CO2 emissions and health indicators: the case of Turkey. Econ Lett, 6(1), 28-39.
• Farzanegan, M. R. (2014). Military spending and economic growth: the case of Iran. Defence and Peace Economics, 25(3), 247-269.
• Fujii, H., Iwata, K., Chapman, A., Kagawa, S., & Managi, S. (2018). An analysis of urban environmental Kuznets curve of CO2 emissions: Empirical analysis of 276 global metropolitan areas. Applied energy, 228, 1561-1568.
• Halkos, G. E., & Tzeremes, N. G. (2009). Exploring the existence of Kuznets curve in countries' environmental efficiency using DEA window analysis. Ecological Economics, 68(7), 2168-2176.
• Hasanov, F. J., Mikayilov, J. I., Mukhtarov, S., & Suleymanov, E. (2019). Does CO2 emissions-economic growth relationship reveal EKC in developing countries? Evidence from Kazakhstan. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(29), 30229-30241.
• Huang, Y., Kuldasheva, Z., & Salahodjaev, R. (2021). Renewable Energy and CO2 Emissions: Empirical Evidence from Major Energy-Consuming Countries. Energies, 14(22), 7504.
• Isiksal, A. Z. (2021). Testing the effect of sustainable energy and military expenses on environmental degradation: evidence from the states with the highest military expenses. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(16), 20487-20498.
• Iwata, H., Okada, K., & Samreth, S. (2012). Empirical study on the determinants of CO2 emissions: evidence from OECD countries. Applied Economics, 44(27), 3513-3519.
• Katircioglu, S. (2017). Investigating the role of oil prices in the conventional EKC model: evidence from Turkey. Asian Economic and Financial Review, 7(5), 498-508.
• Kuldasheva, Z., Salahodjaev, R. Renewable Energy and CO2 Emissions: Evidence from Rapidly Urbanizing Countries. J Knowl Econ (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-022-00971-6
• Kuzior, A., Vakulenko, I., Kolosok, S., Saher, L., & Lyeonov, S. (2023). Managing the EU energy crisis and greenhouse gas emissions: Seasonal ARIMA forecast. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 21(2), 383-399. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.21(2).2023.37
• Leal, P. H., & Marques, A. C. (2020). Rediscovering the EKC hypothesis for the 20 highest CO2 emitters among OECD countries by level of globalization. International Economics, 164, 36-47.
• Lyeonov, S., Toušek, Z., Bozhenko, V., & Kérmárki-Gally, S. E. (2023). The impact of corruption in climate finance on achieving net zero emissions. Journal of International Studies, 16(1), 142-159. doi:10.14254/2071-8330.2023/16-1/10
• Liu, M., Ren, X., Cheng, C., & Wang, Z. (2020). The role of globalization in CO2 emissions: a semi-parametric panel data analysis for G7. Science of the Total Environment, 718, 137379.
• Luo, G., Weng, J. H., Zhang, Q., & Hao, Y. (2017). A reexamination of the existence of environmental Kuznets curve for CO2 emissions: evidence from G20 countries. Natural Hazards, 85(2), 1023-1042.
• Melnyk, L., Kubatko, O., Piven, V., Klymenko, K., & Rybina, L. (2021). Digital and economic transformations for sustainable development promotion: A case of OECD countries. Environmental Economics, 12(1), 140-148. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ee.12(1).2021.12
• Mentel, U., Wolanin, E., Eshov, M., & Salahodjaev, R. (2022). Industrialization and CO2 Emissions in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Mitigating Role of Renewable Electricity. Energies, 15(3), 946. MDPI AG. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15030946
• Minlah, M. K., & Zhang, X. (2021). Testing for the existence of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) for CO2 emissions in Ghana: evidence from the bootstrap rolling window Granger causality test. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(2), 2119-2131.
• Miyamoto, W., Nguyen, T. L., & Sheremirov, V. (2019). The effects of government spending on real exchange rates: Evidence from military spending panel data. Journal of International Economics, 116, 144-157.
• Musolesi, A., Mazzanti, M., & Zoboli, R. (2010). A panel data heterogeneous Bayesian estimation of environmental Kuznets curves for CO2 emissions. Applied Economics, 42(18), 2275-2287.
• Nathaniel, S. P., Nwulu, N., & Bekun, F. (2021). Natural resource, globalization, urbanization, human capital, and environmental degradation in Latin American and Caribbean countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(5), 6207-6221.
• Naumenkova, S., Mishchenko, V., & Mishchenko, S. (2022). Key energy indicators for sustainable development goals in Ukraine. Problems and Perspectives in Management, 20(1), 379-395. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.20(1).2022.31
• Obydenkova, A., Nazarov, Z., & Salahodjaev, R. (2016). The process of deforestation in weak democracies and the role of intelligence. Environmental Research, 148, 484-490.
• Omanbayev, B., Salahodjaev, R., & Lynn, R. (2018). Are greenhouse gas emissions and cognitive skills related? Cross-country evidence. Environmental research, 160, 322-330.
• Omri, A., Nguyen, D. K., & Rault, C. (2014). Causal interactions between CO2 emissions, FDI, and economic growth: Evidence from dynamic simultaneous-equation models. Economic Modelling, 42, 382-389.
• Ozatac, N., Gokmenoglu, K. K., & Taspinar, N. (2017). Testing the EKC hypothesis by considering trade openness, urbanization, and financial development: the case of Turkey. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(20), 16690-16701.
• Paramati, S. R., Alam, M. S., & Chen, C. F. (2017). The effects of tourism on economic growth and CO2 emissions: a comparison between developed and developing economies. Journal of Travel Research, 56(6), 712-724.
• Radmehr, R., Henneberry, S. R., & Shayanmehr, S. (2021). Renewable energy consumption, CO2 emissions, and economic growth nexus: a simultaneity spatial modeling analysis of EU countries. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 57, 13-27.
• Rajkoomar, M., Marimuthu, F., Naicker, N., & Mvunabandi, J.D. (2022). A meta-analysis of the economic impact of carbon emissions in Africa. Environmental Economics, 13(1), 89-100. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ee.13(1).2022.08
• Rasoulinezhad, E., Taghizadeh-Hesary, F., & Taghizadeh-Hesary, F. (2020). How is mortality affected by fossil fuel consumption, CO2 emissions and economic factors in CIS region?. Energies, 13(9), 2255.
• Saboori, B., Sulaiman, J., & Mohd, S. (2012). Economic growth and CO2 emissions in Malaysia: a cointegration analysis of the environmental Kuznets curve. Energy policy, 51, 184-191.
• Saidi, K., & Omri, A. (2020). Reducing CO2 emissions in OECD countries: Do renewable and nuclear energy matter?. Progress in Nuclear Energy, 126, 103425.
• Salahodjaev, R., Sharipov, K., Rakhmanov, N., & Khabirov, D. (2022). Tourism, renewable energy and CO2 emissions: evidence from Europe and Central Asia. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 1-12.
• Supriyanto, Adawiyah, W.R., Arintoko, Rahajuni, D., & Kadarwati, N. (2022). Economic growth and environmental degradation paradox in ASEAN: A simultaneous equation model with dynamic panel data approach. Environmental Economics, 13(1), 171-184. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ee.13(1).2022.14
• Vasylieva, T., Lyulyov, O., Bilan, Y., & Streimikiene, D. (2019). Sustainable economic development and greenhouse gas emissions: The dynamic impact of renewable energy consumption, GDP, and corruption. Energies, 12(17), 3289.
• Versal, N., & Sholoiko, A. (2022). Green bonds of supranational financial institutions: On the road to sustainable development. Investment Management and Financial Innovations, 19(1), 91-105. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.19(1).2022.07
• Yang, B., Jahanger, A., & Khan, M. A. (2020). Does the inflow of remittances and energy consumption increase CO2 emissions in the era of globalization? A global perspective. Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 13(11), 1313-1328.
• Zafar, M. W., Mirza, F. M., Zaidi, S. A. H., & Hou, F. (2019). The nexus of renewable and nonrenewable energy consumption, trade openness, and CO2 emissions in the framework of EKC: evidence from emerging economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(15), 15162-15173.
• Zhang, Y. J., Jin, Y. L., Chevallier, J., & Shen, B. (2016). The effect of corruption on carbon dioxide emissions in APEC countries: a panel quantile regression analysis. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 112, 220-227.
• Zoundi, Z. (2017). CO2 emissions, renewable energy and the Environmental Kuznets Curve, a panel cointegration approach. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 72, 1067-1075.

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.14254/2071-8330.2023/16-2/14