Humiliations : Middle Eastern Middle Class and the War in Ukraine

• Autorzy: Mahnaz Zahirinejad
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

The dominant view towards the Middle East is that the region is stuck in the past and plagued by conflict. Therefore, it was anticipated that Middle Eastern states would take a side in the Russian invasion of Ukraine. Despite expressing sympathy for Ukrainians due to their own experiences of humiliation caused by several wars, the Middle Eastern people and states remained cautious and chose to avoid getting involved in the conflict. It seems that the view of the Middle Eastern middle class had an influence on state decision-making regarding involvement in the war in Ukraine. Considering the rise of an educated middle class in the region, it can be hypothesized that the middle class's priority is political-economic instability rather than engaging in further wars. The objective of this research is to comprehensively understand the Middle Eastern middle class's viewpoint on war. (original abstract)

Słowa kluczowe

EN

Middle class; Armed conflicts

PL

Klasa średnia; Konflikty zbrojne

• Czasopismo: Krakowskie Studia Międzynarodowe
• Rocznik: 2023
• Numer: nr 1 The Impact of the Russo-Ukrainian War on the Middle East.
• Strony: 81--91

Twórcy

autor

Mahnaz Zahirinejad

• the Institute of Mediterranean and Oriental Cultures Polish Academy of Sciences

Bibliografia

• Alexeev M., Conrad R., "The Natural Resource Curse and Economic Transition", CAEPR Working Paper, no. 018, 2009.
• Amirahmadi H., "Dark New Geopolitics of the Middle East", Cairo Review, no. 18, 2015, pp. 88-94.
• Assouad L., "Inequality and Its Discontents in the Middle East", Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 12.03.2020, https://carnegie-mec.org/2020/03/12/inequalityand-its-discontents-in-middle-east-pub-81266 [accessed: 15.07.2023].
• Barnhart J., The Consequences of Humiliation; Anger and Status in World Politics, Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press, 2020.
• Gray M., Towards a Theory of ' Late Rentierism' in the Arab States of The Gulf, Centre for Arab and Islamic Studies, The Australian National University Canberra, 2011.
• Heydemann S., War, Institutions, and Social Change in the Middle East, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000.
• Homolar A., Löfflmann G., "Populism and the Affective Politics of Humiliation Narratives", Global Studies Quarterly, vol. 1, issue 1, March 2021, pp. 1-11.
• Institute for Economics & Peace (IEP), "Positive Peace Report 2019", Vision of Humanity, 2019, http://visionofhumanity.org/reports [accessed: 15.07.2023].
• Kappeler A., "Ukraine and Russia: Legacies of the imperial past and competing memories", Journal of Eurasian Studies, no. 5, 2014, pp. 107-115.
• Kebede M., "The Rehabilitation of Violence and the Violence of Rehabilitation: Fanon and Colonialism", Journal of Black Studies, vol. 31, no. 5, May 2001, pp. 539-562.
• Khromeychuk O., "Putin Says Ukraine Doesn't Exist. That's Why He's Trying to Destroy It", The New York Times, 1.11.2022, www.nytimes.com/2022/11/01/opinion/ukraine-warnational-identity.html [accessed: 15.07.2023].
• Kisantal T., "Beyond the Battlefields of Memory: Historical Traumas and Hungarian Literature", Porównania, vol. 2, no. 27, 2020, pp. 47-58.
• Mahdavi H., "The Patterns and Problems of Economic Development in Rentier States: The Case of Iran", [in:] Studies in the Economic History of the Middle East, ed. M.A. Cook, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1970, pp. 428-467.
• Mankoff J., Russia's War in Ukraine. Identity, History and Conflict, Washington, DC: Centre for Strategic and International Studies 2022.
• Masterson M., "Humiliation and International Conflict Preferences", The Journal of Politics, vol. 84, no. 4, 2020, pp. 874-888.
• Mchugo J., "The legacy of Arab nationalism and the end of the Ottoman Empire", The National, www.thenational.ae/arts-lifestyle/the-review/the-legacy-of-arab-nationalismand-the-end-of-the-ottoman-empire [accessed: 15.05.2015 (inactive)].
• "Middle East: 9 countries make up the middle east region", World Economics, 2022, www. worldeconomics.com/Regions/Middle-East [accessed: 10.07.2023].
• Moshrif R., "Income Inequality in the Middle East", World Bank, 10.10.2020, https://wid. world/news-article/income-inequality-in-the-middle-east [accessed: 16.07.2023].
• Nasr V.R., "European Colonialism and the Emergence of Modern Muslim States", [in:] The Oxford History of Islam, ed. J.L. Esposito, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999.
• Shelley J. et al., "Think Again: Inside the Modernisation of the New Middle East", Tony Blair Institute for Global Change, 14.07.2022, www.institute.global/insights/geopolitics-andsecurity/think-again-inside-modernisation-new-middle-east [accessed: 20.07.2023].
• UNESCO Institute for Statistics, "Literacy rate, youth total (% of people ages 15-24)", World Bank, https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.ADT.1524.LT.ZS?locations=ZQ 2021 [accessed: 20.10.2022].
• Zahirinejad M., "The Economic Effects of Sanctions and the Iranian Middle Class", [in:] Iran in the International System: Between great Powers and Great Ideas, eds. H. Gärtner, M. Shahmoradi, London: Routledge, 2019, pp. 108-131.

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.48269/2451-0610-ksm-2023-1-004