Warianty tytułu
Języki publikacji
Abstrakty
Although discussion about connecting Chinese railways to Nepal borders first surfaced in the year 1973, it could not make any headway until the political change of 2006 in Nepal, when the idea of linking Tibet with Kathmandu resurfaced again. However, political instability in Nepal further thwarted it, at least until Nepal faced the Indian blockade in 2015 and had to look for ways to diversify its trade and transit. Thus, for Nepal, China's railways offer an escape from its dependence on India for trade and transit. But, for Beijing, it offers a strategic gateway to enter South Asia, which is India's conventional sphere of influence. Although Nepal and its northern neighbor China have agreed to connect Nepal's capital Kathmandu with the Tibetan Autonomous Region of China through railways, the materialization of such a game-changer is not free from challenges. Against the same backdrop, the objective of this study is to discover various challenges faced by the trans-Himalayan railways including political, bureaucratic, economic, and environmental challenges, and to concurrently identify how the geopolitical challenge tops the list, halting Nepal's ambition to 'bridge' India and China and instead aggravating the possibility of becoming a burden to both the Asian giants. While the available literature on China and South Asia is mostly concentrated on Belt and Road (BRI) projects, 'debt trap' narratives, and geopolitical rivalry between India and China, this study would be a new attempt to understand how China's aim to get connected with South Asia via land is not free of impediments. Using the qualitative method, this study reviews the geopolitical challenges confronted by the trans-Himalayan railway in the context of territorial disputes between India and China in the Himalayan region and the U.S.-Indian strategic partnership to contain the rise of China and its ambitious connectivity projects.(original abstract)
Twórcy
autor
- Tribhuvan University, Nepal
Bibliografia
- P. Giri, Deliberations in Federal Parliament of Nepal, June 3, 2018.
- V. Gokhale, "Paper Launch-India's Fog of Misunderstanding Surrounding Nepal-China Relations, Carnegie India, October 26, 2021.
- Senate of the United States, Strategic Competition Act, 2021.
- BBC, US-India 2+2 Crucial Defence Deal Signed, October 27, 2020.
- R.S. Nepal, China to help make Nepal land-linked: Xi, The Himalayan Times, October 13, 2019.
- G. Sharma, Nepal pushes to end dependency on India with China rail, tunnel deals, Reuters, October 13, 2019.
- S.S. Bindra, Chinese Strategy in South Asia, The Indian Journal of Political Science 70, no. 4 (2009): 1163-1178.
- R. Jain, China's Economic Expansion in South Asia: Strengths, Challenges, and Opportunities, Indian Journal of Asian Affairs 31, no. 1/2 (2018): 21-36.
- T. Mobley, The Belt and Road Initiative: Insights from China's Backyard, Strategic Studies Quarterly 13, no. 3 (2019): 52-72.
- D.R. Sharma, published statement in The Kathmandu Post, August 27, 2021.
- K.C. Khadga and G. Bhattarai, Nepal's Search for Prosperity through Transit Diplomacy, Journal of International Affairs 2, no. 1 (2018).
- T. Shabbir, Rising China and Its South Asian Neighbors: Evolving Dynamics and the Outlook, Policy Perspectives 14, no. 2 (2017): 137-52.
- S. Smith, Politics, Pleasure, and Difference in the Intimate City: Himalayan Students Remake the Future, Cultural Geographies 24, no. 4 (2017): 573-88.
- No Light at the End of Trans-Himalayan Train Tunnel, Nepali Times, June 30, 2021.
- F. Mouritz, Implications of the COVID-19 Pandemic on China's Belt and Road Initiative, Connections: The Quarterly Journal 19, no. 2 (Spring 2020): 115-24.
- G. Bhattarai, Bridge or 'Burden to China's South Asian Ambitions? Republica, September 8, 2021.
- H.R. Bernard, Research methods in anthropology: Qualitative and quantitative approaches (5th ed.) (AltaMira Press, 2011).
- M.Q. Patton, Qualitative research and evaluation methods (Sage, 2002).
- M. Mohanty, Xi Jinping and the Chinese Dream," Economic and Political Weekly 48, no. 38 (2013): 34-40.
- X. Jinping, Secure a Decisive Victory in Building a Moderately Prosperous Society in All Respects and Strive for the Great Success of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, Speech Delivered at the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, October 18, 2017.
- J. Ashraf, "String of Pearls and China's Emerging Strategic Culture, Strategic Studies 37, no. 4 (2017): 166-81.
- F. Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (London: Penguin Books, 1992).
- M. Schiavenza, How China Survived the End of History, Asia Society, June 7, 2018.
- F. Fukuyama, Exporting the Chinese Model, Project Syndicate, Jan 12, 2016.
- W. Jiao and Z. Yunbi, Xi proposes a 'new Silk Road' with Central Asia, China Daily, September 8, 2013.
- China Schools: 'Xi Jinping Thought' introduced into curriculum', BBC, August 25, 2021.
- J. Garrick and Y.C. Bennett, 'Xi Jinping Thought': Realisation of the Chinese Dream of National Rejuvenation? China Perspectives 113, no. 1-2 (2018): 99-106.
- Full text of Xi Jinping's report at 19th CPC National Congress, China Daily, November 4, 2017.
- M. Clark, The Belt and Road Initiative: China's New Grand Strategy? Asia Policy no. 24 (2017): 71-79.
- L. Tao, "From Yam to Bridge, The Kathmandu Post, February 3, 2017.
- B. Sharma and K. Schultz, Xi Jinping Comes to Nepal Bearing Investments, and India Is Watching, The New York Times, October 12, 2019.
- A. Sarki, India-Bhutan Relations, Journal of International Issues, Kapur Surya Foundation, 23, no. 4 (2019).
- G.Y. Jalil, China's Rise: Offensive or Defensive Realism. Strategic Studies 39, no. 1 (2019): 41-58, https://www.jstor.org/stable/48544287.
- J.J. Mearsheimer, China's Unpeaceful Rise, Current History 105, no. 690 (2006): 160-62.
- J. Mearsheimer, The Tragedy of Great Power Politics, (W.W. Norton and Company, 2001).
- K. Waltz, Theory of International Politics (MA: Addison-Wesley, 1979).
- B. Zhang, Xi Jinping, 'Pragmatic' Offensive Realism and China's Rise, Global Asia 9, no. 2 (June 2014).
- J.J. Mearsheimer, Can China Rise Peacefully? The National Interest, October 25, 2014, http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/can-china-rise-peacefully-10204.
- J. Wuthnow, Chinese Perspectives on the Belt and Road Initiative: Strategic Rationales, Risks, and Implications (Washington D.C.: National Defense University Press, 2017).
- Kathmandu-Kerung railway: Project to cost Rs. 257 billion, The Kathamandu Post, August 20, 2018.
- China Proceeds Ahead With Study Of Kathmandu-Kerung Railway, The Rising Nepal, 31 August, 2020.
- A. Giri, Rs 35 billion and 2 years is what it takes to get detailed project report of Kathmandu-Kerung railway, The Kathmandu Post, March 18, 2019.
- Chinese side submits preliminary study report for Kerung-Kathmandu Railway, Republica, December 11, 2018.
- Public Debt Management Office(PDMO), Nepal public Debt Bulletin, Year 1, Vol. 1, July 16, 2020-January 13, 2021.
- Opposition parties warn govt against debt trap, Republica, October 12, 2019.
- P. Gyawali, Guest Lecture at the Department of International Relations and Diplomacy, Tribhuvan University, July 16, 2019.
- US officials warn China's BRI could lead to debt trap, undermine sovereignty, The Himalayan Times, November 11, 2018.
- K.C. Khadga and G. Bhattarai, Nepal Amid Sino-India Contestation, in Crossing the Himalayas, eds. N. Peng, G. Ali and Y. Zhang (Singapore: Springer, 2021).
- L. Jones and S. Hameiri, Debunking the Myth of 'Debt-trap Diplomacy' How Recipient Countries Shape China's Belt and Road Initiative (Chatham House, August 2020).
- S. Ghimire, Belt and Road Forum Joint Communique incorporates connectivity projects for Nepal under BRI, Republica, April 27, 2019.
- G. Bhattarai, What does Sino-Indian Dispute Mean for Nepal, (E-International Relation, August 2, 2020).
- B. Ghoshal, India and China: Towards a Competitive-Cooperative Relationship? Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies, 2010.
- Institute of Foreign Affairs, Reflections on Nepal' Foreign Policy- 2020, June 2021.
- M.P. Lama, Foreign Policy and Security Seminar: Nepal India and the Himalayan Connectivity (Brookings, January 21, 2020).
- R. Kumar, China Lobbying Against MCC, Nepali Times, December 23, 2021.
- Chinese ambassador meets Dahal, two days after calling on President Bhandari, The Kathmandu Post, December 24, 2020.
- Chinese side submits preliminary study report for Kerung-Kathmandu Railway, Republica, December 11, 2018.
- E. Albert, From 'Land-locked' to Land-linked': China's Xi Goes to Nepal, The Diplomat, October 15, 2019.
- A. Giri, China misses out Nepal as it hosts Boao annual conference, The Kathmandu Post, April 20, 2021.
- Ahead of China Prez Visit NCP embraces Xi Jinping Thought, Republica, September 24, 2019.
- D. Shahi, Is China now micro-managing Nepal politics? Nepali Times, May 5, 2020.
- R. Bhusal, Which Way will the Tibet-Nepal railway go? Nepali Times, July 5, 2019.
- Government of Nepal, Second Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), December 8, 2020.
- M. Dejonghe, Will Only a Green Power Remain Great Power? Egmont Institute, 2021.
- A. Giri, Kathmandu-Kerung railway chugs ahead as China tables report, The Kathmandu Post, April 5, 2022.
- H. Yanki, Press Conference" Embassy of People's Republic of China, May 23, 2019.
- W. Murray and M. Grimsley, On Strategy, in The Making of Strategy: Rulers, States and War, (eds.) W. Murray, M. Knox and A. Bernstein (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 8.
- R.D. Kaplan, The Revenge of Geography (New York: Freedom House, 2012), 29.
- T. Marshall, Introduction, Prisoners of Geography (London: Eliott and Thompson Limited, 2015), X.
- T. Marshall, Introduction, Power of Geography (London: Eliott and Thompson Limited, 2021), Xiii.
- L.F. Stiller, Prithvinarayan Shah in the light of Dibya Upadesh (Kathmandu: Himalaya Book Centre, 1968).
- V. Kapur, India's Himalayan Frontier: Strategic Challenges and Opportunities in the Twenty-First Century, World Affairs: The Journal of International Issues 11, no. 4 (2007): 82-95.
- A.S. Bhasin, Speech of Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru in Parliament on International Situation and the Policy of the Government of India in Relation thereto (Excerpts), Nepal's Relations with India and China (1994): 45.
- S.R. Schram, Political Thought of Mao Tsetung (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1963), 257.
- J. Gettleman, H. Kumar and S. Yasir, Worst Clash in Decades on Disputed India-China Border Kills 20 Indian Troops, The New York Times, June 17, 2020.
- Amity with all, enmity with none, The Kathmandu Post, July 11, 2018.
- Top 10 facts about the MCC-Nepal Compact, US Embassy in Nepal, January 17, 2020.
- US Assistant Secretary Lu warns of reviewing ties with Nepal if MCC is not endorsed, Annapurna Express, February 11, 2022.
- P. Jha, US believes China behind delay of $500m grant project in Nepal, The Hindustan Times, February 14, 2022.
- China accuses US of Employing 'Coercive Diplomacy' on MCC Grant Agreement, Republica, February 18, 2022.
- M. Naravane, Webinar organized by the Manohar Parrikar Institute of Defense Studies and Analyses (New Delhi, May 15, 2020).
- L.E. Rose, Nepal: Strategy for Survival (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1972).
- S.D. Muni, India's Nepal Policy, in The Oxford Handbook of Indian Foreign Policy. (eds). D.M. Malone, C.R. Mohan and S. Raghavan (United Kingdom: Oxford University Press, 2015).
- J.W. Garver, Protracted Contest (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2001), 147-48.
- "G7 Summit: Spending Plan to rival China adopted, BBC, June 12, 2021.
- King B.B.B. Shah, Interview with Newsweek, September 10, 1973.
- P. Shrestha, Traversing the Middle Kingdom, Nepali Times, September 22, 2005.
- J. Whelpton, Foreword to Mandala Reprint Edition, Nepal Strategy for Survival by L.E. Rose (Kathmandu: Mandala Book Point, 2010), xi.
Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikatory
Identyfikator YADDA
bwmeta1.element.ekon-element-000171681890
JavaScript jest wyłączony w Twojej przeglądarce internetowej. Włącz go, a następnie odśwież stronę, aby móc w pełni z niej korzystać.