Adjusting to a Changing World While Sticking to Principles. International Labour Organization Responses to the Challenges Facing Social Protection Systems in the 21st Century

• Autorzy: Krzysztof Hagemejer

Warianty tytułu

Dopasowywanie się do zmieniającego się świata, ale w zgodzie z zasadami. Reakcje Międzynarodowej Organizacji Pracy na wyzwania stojące przed systemami zabezpieczenia społecznego w XXI wieku

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Introduction: The paper analyses - basing itself on reports and other documents created by dif- ferent parts of the International Labour Organisation (ILO) - the process which led to the adoption of Social Protection Floor Recommendation No. 202 and the shift in focus of social policy advice towards basic protection and to the Global South countries. We look at the actions of different actors which shape the standard setting and policy stand of the organisation.
Objective: To provide a comprehensive analysis of the historical trajectory of ILO social security standards, examining the evolution of principles, conventions, and the global dynamics that have shaped the organization's approach to social protection over time.
Materials and methods: The methods include examining ILO documents, relevant subject literature, and the author's participant observations from over twenty-years of service in the ILO's Social Security Department, aiming to provide insights into the decision-making processes within the organization.
Results: We conclude that change was brought by: 1) shift in the membership of the ILO and of its decision-making bodies towards the increased presence and powers of representatives from countries of the Global South, 2) the shift in the global development community policy priorities towards poverty reduction, 3) emergence of experimental social assistance schemes in Global South countries, with designs often ignoring principles embedded in the ILO standards. The Social Protection Floor Recommendation complements previous standards in response to the challenges of widespread poverty and informality and spreading atypical forms of employment. It provides two directions of policy responses: 1) formalizing informal employment relationships and 2) expanding universal or targeted rights-based social assistance schemes. Assistance provided by ILO to member states focuses now more on building the non-contributory schemes and on identifying the fiscal space necessary to close the coverage gaps. Nowadays, the ILO must collaborate more than before with other development partners and the main challenge is to build among them awareness and acceptance of the principles of the ILO social security standards.(original abstract)

Wprowadzenie: W artykule przeanalizowano - opierając się na raportach i innych dokumentach stworzonych przez różne części Międzynarodowej Organizacji Pracy (MOP) - proces, który doprowadził do przyjęcia zalecenia nr 202, dotyczącego krajowego minimalnego zakresu ochrony socjalnej i przesunięcia punktu ciężkości doradztwa w obszarze polityki społecznej w stronę podstawowej ochrony oraz kwestii związanych z krajami Globalnego Południa. Autor przygląda się działaniom różnych podmiotów, które kształtują standardy i stanowiska polityczne MOP.
Cel: Dostarczenie wszechstronnej analizy historycznej trajektorii standardów zabezpieczenia społecznego MOP, zbadanie ewolucji zasad, konwencji i globalnej dynamiki, które na przestrzeni czasu ukształtowały podejście tej organizacji do ochrony socjalnej.
Materiały i metody: Metody obejmują analizę dokumentów MOP, odpowiedniej literatury oraz obserwacji osób z ponaddwudziestoletnim stażem pracy w Departamencie Ubezpieczeń Społecznych MOP - wszystko to, aby uzyskać wgląd w procesy decyzyjne w organizacji.
Wnioski: Uznaje się, że transformacje zostały spowodowane przez: 1) zmiany w składzie MOP i w jej organach decyzyjnych, które zwiększyły obecność i uprawnienia przedstawicieli krajów tzw. globalnego Południa, 2) przesunięcie w ogólnoświatowym rozwoju priorytetów polityki wspólnotowej, które zmierzają do ograniczenia ubóstwa, 3) pojawienie się eksperymentalnych programów pomocy społecznej w krajach globalnego Południa, a projekty tych programów często ignorują zasady zakorzenione w standardach MOP. Zalecenie dotyczące poziomów ochrony socjalnej uzupełnia poprzednie standardy w odpowiedzi na wyzwania związane z powszechnym ubóstwem i nieformalnością oraz rozpowszechnianiem nie- typowych form zatrudnienia. Zapewnia ono dwa kierunki reakcji politycznych: 1) sformalizowanie nieformalnych dotąd stosunków pracy oraz 2) rozszerzenie uniwersalnych lub ukierunkowanych systemów pomocy społecznej opartych na prawach. Pomoc udzielana przez MOP państwom członkowskim koncentruje się obecnie głównie na budowie systemów nieopartych na składkach i identyfikacji przestrzeni fiskalnej niezbędnej do zlikwidowania luk w zakresie objęcia ochroną społeczną. Obecnie MOP musi bardziej niż kiedykolwiek współpracować z innymi partnerami rozwojowymi, a głównymi wyzwaniami są poszerzanie świadomości i akceptacja zasad standardów zabezpieczenia społecznego MOP.(abstrakt oryginalny)

Słowa kluczowe

EN

International labor relations; Social services; Social security system

PL

Międzynarodowe stosunki pracy; Opieka socjalna; Zabezpieczenie społeczne

• Czasopismo: Ubezpieczenia Społeczne. Teoria i praktyka
• Rocznik: 2023
• Numer: nr 3 (158)
• Strony: 35--61

Twórcy

autor

Krzysztof Hagemejer

• Hochschule Bonn-Rhein-Sigg, Bonn, Germany

Bibliografia

• 1. Building Decent Societies: Rethinking the Role of Social Security in State Building, ed. P. Townsend, London 2009.
• 2. Cichon M., Bob Deacon and the making of sausages, "Global Social Policy" 2019, Vol. 19, Issue 1-2; https://doi.org/10.1177/1468018119849206.
• 3. Cichon M., Hardly Anyone Is Too Poor to Share: A Basic Level of Social Protection Is Affordable Nearly Everywhere, "Finance & Development Magazine" December 2018, No. 14-15, https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/fandd/issues/2018/12/affordabilityofbasic- social-protection-cichon (18.7.2023).
• 4. Cichon M., Let Us Walk the Talk: The Right to Social Security and Social Protection - the Case for a New International Convention, "Polityka Społeczna" 2020, Vol. 15, Issue 1, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338711902_CENTENARY_OF_INTERNATIONAL_ LABOUR_ORGANIZATION_AFTER_100_YEARS_OF_GLOBAL_ SOCIAL_POLICY_WE_STILL_NEED_MORE_OF_IT_FROM_THE_EDITOR_ POLITYKA_SPOLECZNA_ILO_CENTENARY_ISSUE (18.7.2023).
• 5. Cichon M., The Social Protection Floors Recommendation, 2012 (No. 202): Can a Six- -Page Document Change the Course of Social History?, "International Social Security Review" 2013, Vol. 66, Issue 3-4; https://doi.org/10.1111/issr.12017.
• 6. Cichon M., Hagemejer K., Changing the Development Policy Paradigm: Investing in a Social Security Floor for All, "International Social Security Review" 2007, Vol. 60, Issue 2-3, http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1468-246X.2007.00275.x/pdf (18.7.2023).
• 7. Cichon M., Tumwesigye D., Pal K., Léger F., Vergnaud D., Linking Community Initiatives to National Institutions: Ghana, "International Social Security Review" 2003, Vol. 56, Issue 3-4.
• 8. Committee of Experts on Application of Conventions and Recommendations, Social Security and the rule of law. General Survey concerning social security instruments in light of the 2008 Declaration on Social Justice for a Fair Globalization, Report to the ILC, Geneva 2011.
• 9. Committee of Experts on Application of Conventions and Recommendations, Universal social protection for human dignity, social justice and sustainable development. General Survey concerning the Social Protection Floors Recommendation, 2012 (No. 202), Geneva 2019.
• 10. Committee on the Application of Standards, Discussion of the General Survey concerning the Social Protection Floors Recommendation, 2012 (No. 202), Verbatim document C.App./PV.General Survey, 2019, https://www.ilo.org/ilc/ILCSessions/108/committees/ standards/WCMS_710395/lang--en/index.htm (18.7.2023).
• 11. De Schutter O., Sepúlveda S., Underwriting the Poor: A Global Fund for Social Protection, New York 2012.
• 12. Deacon B., Global social policy in the making: The Foundations of the Social Protection Floor, Bristol 2013.
• 13. Department for International Development, Multilateral Aid Review. Ensuring maximum value for money for UK aid through multilateral organisations, London 2011, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_ data/file/67583/multilateral_aid_review.pdf (18.7.2023).
• 14. FIAP, Objectives, https://www.fiapinternacional.org/en/objectives/ (18.7.2023).
• 15. Gassmann F., Behrendt Ch., Cash Benefits in Low-Income Countries: Simulating the Effects on Poverty Reduction for Senegal and Tanzania, Issues in Social Protection Discussion Paper, ILO, Geneva 2006, https://www.social-protection.org/gimi/ShowRessource. action?id=6813 (18.7.2023).
• 16. Global Coalition for Social Protection Floors, Civil society call for a global fund for social protection to respond to the COVID-19 crisis and to build a better future, 2020, https:// socialprotectionfloorscoalition.org/civil-society-call/civil-society-call-for-a-global-fundfor- social-protection/ (18.7.2023).
• 17. Hagemejer K., The right to social security and its implementation: What role ILO social security standards can play? [in:] Social Security Review: Evolution of Social Security in South Africa: An Agenda for Action, eds. S. Motala, S. Ngandu, T. Hart, Pretoria 2021, https://www.social-protection.org/gimi/gess/RessourceDownload.action?ressource. ressourceId=30588 (18.7.2023).
• 18. International Labour Office, A Fair Globalization: The Role of the ILO, International Labour Conference, 92nd Session, Geneva 2004, http://www.ilo.org/public/english/ standards/relm/ilc/ilc92/pdf/adhoc.pdf (18.7.2023).
• 19. International Labour Office, Can Low-Income Countries Afford Basic Social Security?, Social Security Policy Briefings, Paper No. 3, Geneva 2008, https://www.social-protection. org/gimi/RessourcePDF.action?id=5951 (18.7.2023).
• 20. International Labour Office, Social Security for Social Justice and a Fair Globalization: Recurrent Discussion on Social Protection (Social Security) under the ILO Declaration on Social Justice for a Fair Globalization, Report VI, 100th Session of the International Labour Conference, Geneva 2011.
• 21. International Labour Organization, Exploring the Feasibility of a Global Social Trust: Report on the Results of a Feasibility Study and the Recommendations of an Interregional Meeting of Experts (Geneva, 14-16 May 2002), submitted to the ILO Governing Body: GB.285/ESP/4, Geneva 2002, https://www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/relm/gb/ docs/gb285/pdf/esp-4.pdf (18.7.2023).
• 22. International Labour Organization, Improving Social Protection for the Poor - Health Insurance in Ghana: Final Report of the Ghana Social Trust Pre-Pilot Project, Geneva 2005, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_protect/---soc_sec/documents/ publication/wcms_secsoc_9357.pdf (18.7.2023).
• 23. International Labour Organization, Minimum standards of social security, Report of the ILC, 35th Session, 1952; Geneva 1951.
• 24. International Labour Organisation, Programme and budget for the biennium 2024-25, Geneva 2023.
• 25. International Labour Organization, Progress evaluation of the Global Social Trust pilot project, Submitted to the ILO Governing Body: GB.300/ESP/5, Geneva 2007, https:// www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---relconf/documents/meetingdocument/ wcms_084171.pdf (18.7.2023).
• 26. International Labour Organisation, Record of proceeding (7A), Reports of the Recurrent Discussion Committee: Social protection (social security): Proposed resolution and conclusions submitted to the Conference for adoption, ILC 109th Session, 2021, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---relconf/documents/meetingdocument/ wcms_804457.pdf (18.7.2023).
• 27. International Labour Organisation, Report V Submitted to the 109th Session of the International Labour Conference, Geneva 2021, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/- --ed_norm/---relconf/documents/meetingdocument/wcms_780953.pdf (18.7.2023).
• 28. International Labour Organisation, Social Security: A New Consensus, Geneva 2001, http://www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/secsoc/downloads/353sp1.pdf (18.7.2023).
• 29. International Labour Organisation, Social security for all: Investing in global social and economic development. A consultation, Issues in Social Protection Discussion Paper, Geneva 2006, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/--- ilo-manila/documents/publication/wcms_126210.pdf (18.7.2023).
• 30. International Labour Organisation, Social Security for All. The Strategy of the International Labour Organization, Resolution and conclusions concerning the recurrent discussion on social protection (social security), adopted at the 100th Session of the ILC, 2011.
• 31. International Labour Organisation, Tripartite Round Table on Pension Trends and Reforms (30 November-2 December and 4 December 2020), Record of proceedings (Meeting report) (18.7.2023).
• 32. International Labour Organization, World Social Protection Report 2014/15, 2014.
• 33. International Trade Union Confederation, A Global Social Protection Fund Is Possible, Campaign Brief, 2020, https://www.ituc-csi.org/IMG/pdf/ituc_campaign_brief_- _a_global_social_protection_fund_en_v3.pdf (18.7.2023).
• 34. Leisering L., The calls for universal social protection by international organizations: Constructing a new global consensus, "Social Inclusion" 2020, Vol. 8, Issue 1.
• 35. Luis M., Who Decides? Representation and Decision-Making at the International Labour Organization, "International Development Policy" 2019, Vol. 11.
• 36. Müller K., Contested universalism: from bonosol to renta dignidad in Bolivia, "International journal of social welfare" 2009, Vol. 18, Issue 2.
• 37. Ortiz I., Durán-Valverde F., Urban S., Wodsak V., Reversing Pension Privatizations: Rebuilding public pension systems in Eastern Europe and Latin America, Geneva 2018.
• 38. Pal K., Behrendt Ch., Léger F., Cichon M., Hagemejer K., Can Low Income Countries Afford Basic Social Protection? First Results of a Modelling Exercise, Issues in Social Protection Discussion Paper 13, ILO, Geneva 2005, https://www.ilo.org/secsoc/information- resources/publications-and-tools/Discussionpapers/WCMS_207725/lang--en/ index.htm (18.7.2023).
• 39. Razavi S., Behrendt C., Nesterenko V., Orton I., Bista C.P., Chaves A.R., Stern-Plaza M., Wodsak V., Building universal social protection systems for all: What role for targeting?, "Global Social Policy" 2022, Vol. 22, Issue 3, https://doi. org/10.1177/14680181221121449.
• 40. Scholz W., The European Social Model and the International Labour Organization - Origins and Transformations, "Polityka Społeczna" 2020, Vol. 15, Issue 1.
• 41. Scholz W., Cichon M., Hagemejer K., Social Budgeting, Geneva 2000.
• 42. Schubert B., Beware of the crocodile: Quantitative evidence on how universal old age grants distort the social assistance systems of low-income countries, "Poverty and Public Policy" 2020, Vol. 12, Issue 2.
• 43. Seekings J., International actors and social protection [in:] Handbook on Social Protection Systems, Cheltenham 2021, https://doi.org/10.4337/9781839109119.00065 (18.7.2023).
• 44. Seekings J., The limits to "global" social policy: The ILO, the social protection floor and the politics of welfare in Southern Africa, "Global Social Policy" 2019, Vol. 19, Issue 1-2.

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.5604/01.3001.0054.1200