Niektóre aspekty problemu finansowania wzrostu ekonomicznego na przykładzie krajów niedorozwiniętych

• Autorzy: Jan Czarkowski

Warianty tytułu

Some aspects of the financing of economic growth in underdeveloped countries

• Języki publikacji: PL

Abstrakty

Autor zwraca uwagę na błędność poglądu szkoły klasycznej, zgodnie z którym ruch kapitału z krajów więcej do mniej rozwiniętych dokonuje się na zasadzie fizycznego prawa naczyń połączonych. Analizę rzeczywistego przebiegu rozwoju ekonomicznego świata kapitalistycznego w drugiej połowie XIX i XX wieku przeprowadza następnie razem z dyskusją założeń szkoły klasycznej. Przedstawione dalej nowsze teorie wzrostu gospodarczego ekonomii keynesowskiej i pokeynesowskiej ilustrowane są danymi statystycznymi z krajów kapitalistycznych i socjalistycznych.

EN

In the introduction the author points out the fallacy of the view held by the classical school, according to which transfer of capital from more highly to less highly developed countries is governed by a principle analogous to the physical law of connected vessels. Reasons which make this type of flow of capital impossible are given, and it is shown that economic growth in the capitalistic world in the second half of the 19th and 20th centuries has taken a turn quite different than that predicted by classical economics, but in accordance with the Marxist-Leninist theory and characterized by deepening discrepancy in the economic potential and living standards of the population of underdeveloped countries. The author stresses that this inequality and lack of uniformity at present have assumed proportions as the result of which an initiation or acceleration of the economic growth of underdeveloped countries has now become the most urgent political and economic problem. It is shown that contemporary bourgeoise economics has begun to study this problem, although only from the economic-technical standpoint, while neglecting the economic-social aspect of economic development; owing to this, the practical and theoretical value of these studies is slight. These views are submitted to a critical analysis, and the need for studying both aspects of the problem at the same time is demonstrated. The author stresses that economically underdeveloped countries are those in which precapitalistic formations persist; one of the fundamental reasons for their economic underdevelopment consists in backward production relationships which inhibit the development of productive forces in these countries. The author cites statistical examples demonstrating that the tempo of economic development under socialism is greater than under capitalism, and showing the superiority of the former system over the latter. The problem of financing investiments in countries in early stages of economic growth is next discussed, and technological progress, magnitude of investments, and increase of national income are shown to be closely correlated. The amount of investments depends on the rate of accumulation, especially that part of it which is set aside for investments. In the case of internal sources of financing, according to the author, two conditions must be fulfilled: a) an adequate supply of consumable goods of the first rank must be assured; b) external investments and expenditures for luxury goods must be restricted to the extent required by financing investments. Investments necessitate changes in the production relations prevailing up to now. Finally, the author discusses the results of financing investments in economically underdeveloped countries entering .on the spiral upward road to economic growth and emphasizes the very important fact that income, which is the basis of present demand, is an expression of present costs of production, while the goods which are produced, the cost of whose production the present income represents, reach the market as supply first after some time. The author concludes that, in order that a given level of investments shall not give rise to inflationary trends, the possibility of increasing the supply of consumable goods in response to demand, must exist. (original abstract)

Słowa kluczowe

PL

Teoria wzrostu gospodarczego; Przepływy kapitałowe; Historia myśli ekonomicznej

EN

Economic growth theory; Capital flows; History of economic thought

• Czasopismo: Folia Oeconomica Cracoviensia
• Rocznik: 1962
• Tom: 1
• Numer: z. 4
• Strony: 3--30

Twórcy

autor

Jan Czarkowski

Bibliografia

• ECOSOC "International Flow of Private Capital 1957 - 1958" (material powielany).
• B. Hansen, A Study in the Theory of Inflation, London 1961.
• M. Kalecki, Uwagi o problemach finansowych trzeciego planu pięcioletniego w Indiach, "Ekonomista", 1960, nr 6
• R. R. Nelson, Teoria pułapki równowagi w gospodarstwach nierozwiniętych. Problem wzrostu ekonomicznego krajów słabo rozwiniętych, Warszawa 1958
• ONZ, "International Flow of Private Capital 1945 - 52".
• F. W. Paish, Britain's Foreign Investment - The Post War Record, "Lloyds Bank Review", VII/1956.
• M. Poniatowski, L'avenir des pays sous-développés, Paris 1954, s. 167.
• P. N. Rosenstein-Rodan, Uwagi o teorii wielkiego pchnięcia, "Ekonomista", 1959, nr 2.
• P. A. Samuelson, R. M. Solow, Problem of achieving and maintaining a stable price level. Analytical aspects of anti-inflation policy, "American Economie Review", May 1960.
• H. H. Villard, Some Comments on »Growth», "The American Economic Review", March 1961.
• Związek Radziecki w liczbach w 1917-1957, Warszawa 1958, Książka i Wiedza, s. 22