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2011 | 16 | 73--94
Tytuł artykułu

Kontrowersje związane z ustaleniem przez osoby trzecie elementów przedmiotowo istotnych kontraktu konsensualnego w prawie rzymskim

Warianty tytułu
The Controversies Related to the Determination by the Third Party of the Essentialia Negotii of Consensual Contracts in Roman Law
Języki publikacji
PL
Abstrakty
W artykule przedstawiono problemy związane z ustaleniem przez osoby trzecie istotnych elementów kontraktu konsensualnego w prawie rzymskim. Omówiono rolę różnych rodzajów kontraktów. Szczególną uwagę poświęcono problemowi ustalenia ceny w kontraktach kupna-sprzedaży.
EN
Consensual contracts constituted a special type of contracts recognized by Roman law since the sole basis of the respective obligations derived from them was the agreement made by parties. The particular role in the development of such contracts was played by a contract of sale, that, as the oldest and the most common one, can be deemed to be the central paradigm of contracts based on the sole agreement between parties. Among various problems analyzed by Roman jurists regarding the conclusion of the contract of sale and its essentialia negotii the particular question was the validity of a contract of sale in case in which the parties did not determine the price themselves but had left it to a third party (ut quanti Titius rem aestimaverit). Gaius informs that in the classical law the opinions were divided: Labeo and Cassius did not accept such a settlement of price as valid, while Ofilius and Proculus were of an opposite opinion, but he does not give any information neither about the origin of the above controversy nor the arguments used by the adversaries. The dispute was settled only by Justinian by lying down that a contract of sale at a price to be determined by a third party was conditional - only if the third party had determined the price, the contract of sale became effective. However, both in the classical and Justinian's law it was unacceptable to make a valid contract of sale at a price to be fixed by the purchaser. The analogous question was treated by Roman jurists in regard to the contract of partnership when they discussed the validity of a pactum in which the partners had agreed that their respective shares in the partnership were to be determined by a third person or one of the partners. Such an agreement was treated as valid and the apointee, while determining such shares, was obliged to observe the rules of so called boni viri arbitrium based on the principles of bona fides. According to this abstract criterion the shares had to be determined in proportion to the contributions made by partners into a partnership. While trying to explain why the question of determining one of the elements of the contract of sale by a third person was so controversial, while in case of the other consensual contract it did not raise any dispute, various factors should be taken into consideration. First of all, one should observe that the price constituted an essentiale negotii of the contract of sale, while determining the shares in a partnership by the parties was not essential for the concluding of such contract because of the existing presumption that the parties would participate in profits and bear losses in equal shares. Then, the nature of these two contracts was different: in case of the contract of sale there was an opposition between the respective needs and interests of the parties, while in the partnership there was not any such opposition for the partners were acting together in order to achieve common profit. The other factor that could be decisive was the inapplicability of an abstract criterion based on the bona fides (arbitirum boni viri) for determining the price in the contract of sale as the price was the element whose settlement required the negotiation between the seller and the purchaser. (original abstract)
Rocznik
Tom
16
Strony
73--94
Opis fizyczny
Twórcy
  • Uniwersytet Warszawski
Bibliografia
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Typ dokumentu
Bibliografia
Identyfikatory
Identyfikator YADDA
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