Non-formal Learning and the Acquisition of Skills - How Does the EU Support Youth Employment?

• Autorzy: Małgorzata Wochowska

Warianty tytułu

Edukacja pozaformalna i nabywanie umiejętności - w jaki sposób Unia Europejska wspiera zatrudnienie młodzieży?

• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

In recent years the issue of youth unemployment has been identified as one of the most pressing for young people, who are affected particularly hard by the economic crisis in the European Union. In response, the EU institutions have designed and introduced a complex mix of political instruments, agencies, programmes and studies that are supposed to establish a complementary and systemic approach to education and youth policies. Youth policy, as a socioeconomic field of EU political intervention began in 2014 to be subject to a paradigm of employability and "the economy of fighting the crisis", including issues such as non-formal and informal learning and youth work outside of schooling systems. Thus the EU policy in question has significantly shifted from "personal and cultural development, and inspiring a sense of active citizenship among young people," as it was formulated in the Youth in Action Programme 2006-2013, towards "the acquisition of professional skills of youth workers, validation systems of non-formal learning, and greater complementarities with formal education and training", as it is formulated in the Youth Sector of the EU programme for Education - Erasmus+ 2014-2020. The objective of this article is to provide a comparative insight into the context that frames the design of EU policies aimed at mitigating the phenomenon of unemployment among young people, and to show how this has changed in light of the new EU programming period. (original abstract)

W ostatnich latach problem bezrobocia wśród młodzieży w Unii Europejskiej został zidentyfikowany jako palący, zważywszy na to, iż grupa ta została szczególnie dotknięta przez kryzys gospodarczy. W odpowiedzi na kryzys instytucje UE zaprojektowały złożoną siatkę politycznych instrumentów, agencji, programów i inicjatyw, które służyć mają ustanowieniu systemowego podejścia do polityki w zakresie kształcenia i młodzieży w Europie. W 2014 polityka młodzieżowa UE jako jedna z dziedzin interwencji politycznej została podporządkowana nowemu paradygmatowi "gospodarki walczącej z kryzysem". Także w odniesieniu do edukacji pozaformalnej i nieformalnej oraz pracy z młodzieżą, która prowadzona jest głównie poza systemem edukacji szkolnej, polityka UE znacznie zmieniła cele strategiczne, odchodząc od "rozwoju osobistego i kulturalnego oraz wzmacniania poczucia aktywnego obywatelstwa wśród młodych ludzi" (Program "Młodzież w działaniu" 2006-2013), na rzecz "nabycia umiejętności zawodowych, stworzenia systemów walidacji uczenia się pozaformalnego i większej komplementarności wobec formalnego kształcenia i szkolenia" (Program "Erasmus + Młodzież" 2014-2020). Celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza porównawcza społeczno-ekonomicznego kontekstu, który określa, w jaki sposób UE projektuje swoje polityki służące redukcji zjawiska bezrobocia wśród młodych ludzi, oraz jak podejście to zmieniło się w świetle instrumentów finansowych w nowym okresie programowania. (abstrakt oryginalny)

Słowa kluczowe

EN

Youth; Employment; Combat unemployment; Education; Training

PL

Młodzież; Zatrudnienie; Przeciwdziałanie bezrobociu; Edukacja; Szkolenia

• Czasopismo: Comparative Economic Research
• Rocznik: 2015
• Tom: 18
• Numer: nr 2
• Strony: 161--179

Twórcy

autor

Małgorzata Wochowska

• University of Lodz, Poland

Bibliografia

• Aldenmyr I.S., Jepson W.U., Olson M. (2012), Worries and possibilities in active citizenship: Three Swedish educational contexts, Education, Citizenship and Social Justice, 7:255.
• Andrews M.J., Bradley S., Stott D. (2002), Matching the Demand for and Supply of Training the School-To-Work Transition, ʻThe Economic Journalʼ, 112, Royal Economic Society, Blackwell Publishers, USA.
• Bruno G.S.F., Marelli E., Signorell M. (2014), The Rise of NEET and Youth Unemployment in EU Regions after the Crisis, ʻComparative Economic Studiesʼ, (2014) 56, 592-615.
• Dietrich H. (2012), Youth Unemployment in Europe. Theoretical Considerations and Empirical Findings. Friedrich Ebert-Stiftung.
• Höpner M., Schäfer A. (2012), Integration among Unequals: How the Heterogeneity of European Varieties of Capitalism Shapes the Social and Democratic Potential of the EU, MPIfG Discussion Paper 12/5, Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies, Cologne.
• Kiernan A., Teaching frameworks for participation - can we? should we?, 2012, European Consortium for Political Research.
• Laine S., Gretschel A. (2009), Whose arena is the EU youth policy? Young participants' involvement and influence in the EU youth policy from their own points of view: Case of the EU Presidency Youth Event, Young.
• Leschke J., Watt A. (2010), How Do Institutions Affect the Labour Market Adjustment to the Economic Crisis in Different EU Countries?, ETUI Working Paper.
• Meung-Hoan N. (2004), The EU Inter-cultural Education and Training Programmes for Enhancing of European Awareness towards European Citizenship: Centered on Erasmus, Lingua, Petra, Comenius, ʻInternational Area Reviewʼ, Volume 7, Number 2.
• Mourshed M., Patel J., Suder K. (2014), Education to employment: Getting Europe's youth into work, McKinsey & Company.
• Nóvoa N., Lawn M. (eds.) (2002), Fabricating Europe: The Formation of an Education Space, Boston Kluwer Academic Publishers.
• Paz M.M. (2012), The European Union tackling youth unemployment in times of crisis, ʻINTERNATIONAL POLICY ANALYSISʼ, Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Berlin.
• Shaw J. (2012), EU citizenship and the edges of Europe, ʻCITSEE Working Paperʼ 2012/19, RCSAS, European University Institute, Florence.
• Wößmann L. (2008), Efficiency and equity of European education and training policies, International Tax and Public Finance, Volume 15, Issue 2.
• Cedefop: European Inventory on the validation of non-formal and informal learning, Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg 2009, http://www.cedefop.europa.eu/EN/Files/4054_en.pdf (31/1/2015).
• Committee of the Regions, Education and awareness-raising promoting sustainable development, EDUC-IV-013, Brussels 2007.
• Committee of the Regions, Recognition of skills and competences acquired through non-formal and informal learning, EDUC-V-043, Brussels 2014.
• Committee of the Regions, Quality Framework for Traineeships, ECOS-V-053, Brussels 2014.
• Committee of the Regions, Youth Employment Package, EDUC-V-032, Brussels 2013.
• Commission Staff Working Document, On EU indicators in the field of youth, SEC(2011) 401 final, Brussels 2011.
• Decision No 1719/2006/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council establishing the 'Youth in Action' programme for the period 2007 to 2013, L 327/31, Official Journal of the European Union, Brussels 2006.
• European Commission, Does Student Mobility During Higher Education Pay? Evidence From 16 European Countries, Joint Research Centre, Institute for the Protection and Security of the Citizen, Report EUR 26089 EN, Brussels 2013.
• EU Youth Report, Status of the situation of young people in the European Union, Accompanying the document "Draft 2012 Joint Report of the Council and the Commission on the implementation of the renewed framework for European cooperation in the youth field (EU Youth Strategy 2010-2018)", SWD(2012) 257 final, Brussels 2012.
• European Commission, Rethinking Education: Investing in skills for better socio-economic outcomes, COM(2012) 669 final, Strasbourg 2012.
• European Commission, Entrepreneurship 2020 Action Plan. Reigniting the entrepreneurial spirit in Europe, COM(2012) 795 final, Brussels 2013.
• European Commission, Focus on: Young people and entrepreneurship, European good practice projects, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg 2013.
• European Commission, Focus on: Young citizens of Europe. European good practice projects, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg 2013.
• European Commission, Working together for Europe's young people- A call to action on youth unemployment, COM(2013) 447 final, Brussels 2013.
• European Commission, Moving Youth into Employment, SWD(2012) 406 final, COM(2012) 727 final, Brussels 2012.
• European Commission, Towards a Quality Framework on Traineeships. Second-stage consultation of the social partners at European level under Article 154 TFEU, COM(2012) 728 final.
• European Commission, Proposal for a Council Recommendation on a Quality Framework for Traineeships, COM(2013) 857 final, Brussels 2013.
• Proposal for a Council Recommendation on a Quality Framework for Traineeships COM(2013) 857 final.
• European Commission, Working together for Europe's young people. A call to action on youth unemployment, COM(2013) 447 final, Brussels 2013.
• Recommendation of the European Parliament and of the Council on key competences for lifelong learning, 2006/962/WE, http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:32006H0962&from=PL (31/1/2015).
• http://www.cedefop.europa.eu/ (31/1/2015)
• https://crell.jrc.ec.europa.eu/ (31/1/2015)
• http://eacea.ec.europa.eu/education/eurydice/index_en.php (31/1/2015)
• http://ec.europa.eu/education/tools/et-monitor_en.htm (31/1/2015)
• https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/ (31/1/2015)
• https://ec.europa.eu/esco/home (31/1/2015)
• http://ec.europa.eu/ploteus/ (31/1/2015)
• http://europass.cedefop.europa.eu/en/home (31/1/2015)
• https://www.youthpass.eu/en/youthpass/ (31/1/2015)

Identyfikatory

DOI

https://doi.org/10.1515/cer-2015-0017