Determinants of the Knowledge Diffusion Process Among Professionals in the IT Sector

• Autorzy: Anna Pietruszka-Ortyl
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Today, knowledge has become dominant, creating a new dimension of the economy, a new society and a new employee. Knowledge workers have emerged as the core of a modern organisation's staff, and their job is to convert information into knowledge. The process of diffusion of these key organisational players' knowledge is critical, as it determines its availability to other employees. Both the character and importance of specialist knowledge diffusion require a detailed analysis of the process. Therefore, the main research goal of the study is to determine the conditions for this process in the IT sector. The method of triangulation was selected for this research. The procedure for obtaining empirical data consisted of three stages - direct semi-structured individual interviews, focus group online interviews (FIGO), a computer-assisted telephone interview (CATI) and a computer-assisted web interview (CAWI-based DYI). Then, Spearman's rank-order correlation coefficient was used. It was found that knowledge workers are most likely to participate in the diffusion of high-context, personalised and tacit knowledge. Knowledge sharing is the subprocess of knowledge transfer, most conservatively approached by professionals who fear the uncontrolled transmission of their specific knowledge. Closed and conservative attitudes were clearly observed in the transmission of knowledge between staff (employees other than knowledge-workers) and stakeholders. They suggest the targeted or intuitive use of knowledge protection strategies, especially in inter-organisational cooperation relationships. The considerations presented contribute theoretically and practically to the diffusion of professional knowledge. They set a framework for designing the knowledge dispersion management subsystem as the chief element of the overall organisational knowledge management system, due to the subprocesses constituting knowledge transfer, the type of knowledge exchanged, and the group of knowledge agents involved in its circulation. Identifying critical conditions that support the knowledge diffusion of professionals could help practitioners create an effective system of knowledge transfer that meets knowledge workers' requirements and stimulates the flow of the preferred types of knowledge in the planned and desired directions among selected groups of knowledge agents. (original abstract)

Słowa kluczowe

EN

Knowledge diffussion; Knowledge workers; Information Technology (IT); Empirical analysis

PL

Dyfuzja wiedzy; Pracownicy wiedzy; Technologia informacyjna; Analiza empiryczna

• Czasopismo: Forum Scientiae Oeconomia
• Rocznik: 2020
• Tom: 8
• Numer: nr 3
• Strony: 73--97

Twórcy

autor

Anna Pietruszka-Ortyl

• Cracow University of Economics

Bibliografia

• Aczel, A.D., Sounderpandian, J. (2018), Statystyka w zarządzaniu (2nd edition), Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. (Original work published in Polish).
• Afshar Jalili, Y., Ghaleh, S. (2020), Knowledge sharing and the theory of planned behavior: A meta-analysis review, VINE Journal of Information and Knowledge Management Systems, Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1108/VJIKSMS-02-2019-0023 (accessed 20 March 2020). DOI: 10.1108/VJIKMS-02-2019-0023.
• Ahuja, G. (2000), Collaborative networks, structural holes, and innovation: A longitudinal study, Administrative Science Quarterly, 45(3), 425-455. DOI: 10.2307/2667105.
• Ahuja, G., Kataila, R. (2004), Where do resources come from? The role of idiosyncratic situations, Strategic Management Journal, 25, 887-907. DOI: 10.1002/smj.401.
• Aijth Kumar, J., Ganesh, L.S. (2009), Research on knowledge transfer in organizations: a morphology, Journal of Knowledge Management, 13(4), 161-174. DOI: 10.1108/13673270910971905.
• Al-Busaidi, K.A., Olfman, L. (2017), Knowledge-sharing through inter-organizational knowledge sharing systems, VINE Journal of Information and Knowledge Management Systems, 47(1), 110-126. https://doi.org/10.1108/VJIKMS-05-2016-0019.
• Al-Hadi, N.A., Al-Aufi, A.S. (2019), Information context and socio-technical practice of digital nomads, Global Knowledge, Memory and Communication, 68(4/5): 431-450. DOI 10.1108/GKMC-10-2018-0082.
• Ali, A.A., Dominic, P.D., Paris, L.D., Gunnasekaran, A. (2019), Key factors influencing knowledge sharing practices and its relationship with organizational performance within the oil and gas industry, Journal of Knowledge Management, 23(9), 1806-1837. DOI:10.1108/JKM-06-2018-0394.
• Allameh, S.M. (2018), Antecedents and consequences of intellectual capital. The role of social capital, knowledge sharing and innovation, Journal of Intellectual Capital, 19(5), 858-874. DOI: 10.1108/JIC-05-2017-0068.
• Al-Salti, Z., Hackney, R. (2011), Factors impacting knowledge transfer success in information systems outsourcing, Journal of Enterprise Information Management, 24(5), 455-468. DOI: 10.1108/17410391111166521.
• Amayah, A.T. (2013), Determinants of knowledge sharing in a public sector organization, Journal of Knowledge Management, 17(3), 454-471. DOI: 10.1108/JKM-11-2012-0369.
• Anand, A., Walsh, I., Moffett, S. (2019), Does humility facilitate knowledge sharing? Investigating the role of humble knowledge inquiry and response, Journal of Knowledge Management, 23(6), 1218-1244. DOI: 10.1108/JKM-06-2018-0353.
• Arain, G.A., Bhatti, Z.A., Hameed, I., Fang, Y-H. (2019), Top-down knowledge hiding and innovative work behavior (IWB): A three-way moderated-mediation analysis of self-efficacy and local/foreign status, Journal of Knowledge Management, 24(2), 127-149. DOI: 10.1108/JKM-11-2018-0687.
• Argote, L., Ingram, P. (2000), Knowledge transfer: a basis for competitive advantage in firms, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 82(1), 150-169. DOI: 10.1006/obhd.2000.2893.
• Arif, M., Al Zub, M., Gupta, A.D., Egbu, Ch., Walton, R.O., Islam, R. (2017), Knowledge sharing maturity model for Jordanian construction sector, Engineering Construction and Architectural Management, 24(1), 170-188. DOI: 10.1108/ECAM-09-2015-0144.
• Aydogmus, C. (2019), Millennial knowledge workers. The roles of protean career attitudes and psychological empowerment on the relationship between emotional intelligence and subjective career success, Career Development International, 24(4), 297-314. DOI: 10.1108/CDI-06-2018-0165.
• Barnard, H., Pendock, C. (2013), To share or not to share: The role of affect in knowledge sharing by individuals in a diaspora, Journal of International Management, 19, 47-65. DOI: 10.1016/j.intman.201211.003.
• Barney, J. (1991), Firm resources and sustained competitive advantage, Journal of Management, 17(1), 99-120. DOI: 10.1177/014920639101700108.
• Bontis, N., Nikitopoulos, D. (2001), Thought leadership on intellectual capital, Journal of Intellectual Capital, 2(3), 183-191. DOI: 10.1108/14691930110400182.
• Borges, R., Bernardi, M., Petrin, R. (2019), Cross-country findings on tacit knowledge sharing: evidence from the Brazilian and Indonesian IT workers, Journal of Knowledge Management, 23(4), 742-762. DOI: 10.1108/JKM-04-2018-0234.
• Bryman, A. (2008), Social research methods (3rd edition), Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Butler, C. (2016), Being appropriately professional: The interaction between professionalism, ICT and knowledge transfer, New Technology, Work and Employment, 31(2), 132-145. DOI: 10.1111/ntwe.12064.
• Buzavaite, M., Korsakiene, R. (2019), Human capital and the internationalisation of SMEs: A systemic literature review, Entrepreneurial Business and Economic Review, 7(3), 125-142. DOI: 10.15678/EBER.2019.070307.
• Capaldo, A. (2007), Network structure and innovation: The leveraging of a dual network as a distinctive relational capability, Strategic Management Journal, 28(6), 585-608. DOI: 10.1002/smj.621.
• Choi, B., Lee, H. (2002), Knowledge management strategy and its link to knowledge creation process, Expert Systems with Applications, 23(3), 173-187. DOI: 10.1016/S0957-4174(02)00038-6.
• Cohen, W.M., Levinthal, D.A. (1990), absorptive capacity: A new perspective on learning and innovation, Administrative Science Quarterly, 35(1): 128-152. DOI: 10.2307/2393553.
• Cotsomitis, J.A. (2018), Is the learning economy a viable concept for understanding the modern economy?, International Journal of Social Economics, 45(3), 492-507. DOI: 10.1108/IJSE-01-2017-0025.
• Dahooie, J.H., Arsalan, M.R.G., Shojai, A.Z. (2018), A valid and applicable measurement method for worker productivity, International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 67(9), 1764-1791. DOI: /10.1108/IJPPM-07-2017-0176.
• Daud, S., Yusoff, W.F.W. (2011), How intellectual capital mediates the relationship between knowledge management processes and organizational performance?, African Journal of Business Management, 5(7), 2607-2617. DOI: 10.5897/AJBM10.806.
• Davenport, T. (2010), Process management for knowledge work, in: J. Brocke, M. Rosemann (Eds.), Handbook on Business Process Management (pp. 17-35) (1st edition), Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-00416-2_2.
• Davenport, T.H. (2006), Thinking for a living. How to get better performance and results from knowledge workers?, Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
• De Luca, P., Cano Rubio, M. (2019), The curve of knowledge transfer: A theoretical model, Business Process Management Journal, 25(1), 10-26. DOI: 10.1108/BPMJ-06-2017-0161.
• Dee, J., Leisyte, L. (2017), Knowledge sharing and organizational change in higher education, The Learning Organization, 24(5), 355-365. DOI: 10.1108/TLO-04-2017-0034.
• Drucker, P. (1999), Knowledge-worker productivity: The biggest challenge, California Management Review, 41(2), 79-94. DOI: 10.2307/41165987.
• Du, J., Wang, R. (2019), Knowledge transfer and boundary conditions. A study of SMEs in business incubation centres in China, New England Journal of Entrepreneurship, 22(1), 31-57. DOI: 10.1108/NEJE-04-2019-0021.
• Dziadkiewicz, A., Nieżurawska-Zając, J., Duarte, N., Dryl, W., Dryl, T., Nieżurawski, L., Sofia, C., Pereira, G., Santos, V., Ferreira Lopes, T. (2017), Knowledge transfer in Poland and Portugal (closing phase) - summary of COTRANS project, Torun Business Review, 16(1), 49-61. DOI: 10.19197/tbr.v16i1.97.
• Enderwick, P. (2011), Acquiring overseas market knowledge: A comparison of strategies of expatriate and immigrant employees, Journal of Asia Business Studies, 5(1), 77-97. DOI: 10.1108/1558789111100813.
• Engle, C., Engle, N. (2010), The 2020 federal knowledge worker, VINE: The journal of information and knowledge management systems, 40(3/4), 277-286. DOI: 10.1108/03055721011071403.
• Ensign, P.C., Hébert, L. (2010), How reputation affects knowledge sharing among colleagues?, MIT Sloan Management Review, 1, 79-81.
• Erickson, I., Jarrahi, M.H., Thomson, L., Sawyer, S. (2014), More than nomads: Mobility, knowledge work, and infrastructure, retrieved from: http://www.jarrahi.com/publications/EGOS_Erickson_Subtheme52.pdf (accessed 30 March 2020).
• Filieri, R., Alguezaui, S. (2014), Structural social capital and innovation. Is knowledge transfer the missing link?, Journal of Knowledge Management, 18(4), 728-757. DOI: 10.1108/JKM-08-2013-0329.
• Flick, U. (2009), An introduction to qualitative research (4th edition), Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications Ltd.
• Franek, J., Gublova, E. (2011), Knowledge workers: A typology framework as a theoretical basis for knowledge worker identification instrument, retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/293001857_Knowledge_Workers_A _Typology _Framework_as_a_Theoretical_Basis_for_Knowledge_Worker_Identification_Instrument (accessed 27 May 2020).
• Gaižauskiene, L., Tunčikiene, Ž. (2016), The concept and role of knowledge worker and workplace fit in learning organisation, International Journal of Learning and Change, 8(3/4), 245-260. DOI: 10.1504/IJLC.2016.10002157.
• Garud, R., Nayyar, P. (1994), Transformative capacity: Continual structuring by inter-temporal technology transfer, Strategic Management Journal, 15(5), 365-385. https://doi.org/10.1002/smj.4250150504.
• Gou, J., Li, N., Lyu, T., Lyu, X. (2019), Barriers of knowledge transfer and mitigating strategies in collaborative management system implementations, VINE Journal of Information and Knowledge Management Systems, 49(1), 2-20. DOI: 10.1108/VJIKMS-09-2018-0072.
• Grant, R.M. (1996), Toward a knowledgebased theory of the firm, Strategic Management Journal, 17(10), 109-122. DOI: 10.1002/smj.4250171110.
• Gupta, A.K., Govindarajan, V. (2000), Knowledge flows within multinational corporations, Strategic Management Journal, 24(4), 473-496. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0266(200004)21:4<473::AIDSMJ84>3.0.CO;2-I, retrieved from: www.jstor.org/stable/3094239 (accessed 13 July 2020).
• Harris, R. (2016), New organisations and new workplaces. Implications for workplace design and management, Journal of Corporate Real Estate, 18(1), 4-16. DOI: 10.1108/JCRE-10-2015-0026.
• Hedlund, G. (1994), A model of knowledge management and the n-form corporation, Strategic Management Journal, 15, 73-90. DOI: 10.1002/smj.4250151006.
• Heo, M., Toomey, N., Song, J.S. (2019), Selfevaluation of knowledge sharing through lens of social comparison theory, VINE Journal of Information and Knowledge Management Systems, 50(2), 291-304. DOI: 10.1108/VJIKMS-04-2019-0056.
• Holste, J.S., Fields, D. (2010), Trust and tacit knowledge sharing and use, Journal of Knowledge Management, 14(1), 128-140. DOI: 10.1108/13673271011015615.
• Horzela, A., Ambrochowicz, S. (2019), Concept of knowledge in the context of modern enterprises, Organization and Management, 1(45), 17-25. DOI: 10.29119/1899-6116.2019.45.2.
• Huan, H., Yongyoan, M., Sheng, Z., Qinchao, D. (2017), Characteristics of knowledge, people engaged in knowledge transfer and knowledge stickiness: Evidence from Chinese R&D team, Journal of Knowledge Management, 21(6), 1559-1579. DOI: 10.1108/JKM-02-2017-0054.
• Huang, N., Wei, C., Chang, W. (2007), Knowledge management: modelling the knowledge diffusion in community of practice, Kybernetes, 36(5/6), 607-621. DOI: 10.1108/03684920710749703.
• Intezari, A., Taskin, N., Pauleen, D.J. (2017), Looking beyond knowledge sharing: an integrative approach to knowledge management culture, Journal of Knowledge Management, 21(2), 492-515. DOI: 10.1108/JKM-06-2016-0216.
• Jabagi, N., Croteau, A-M., Audebrand, L.K., Marsan, J. (2019), Gig-workers' motivation: Thinking beyond carrots and sticks, Journal of Managerial Psychology, 34(4), 192-213. DOI: 10.1108/JMP-06-2018-0255.
• Jacobsen, K., Hofman-Bang, P., Nordby Jr, R. (2005), The IC rating model by intellectual capital Sweden, Journal of Intellectual Capital, 6(4), 470-1483. DOI: 10.1108/14691930510628834.
• Jakubowski, M., Masiukiewicz, A. (2018), The labor market in IT services - a survey, Zeszyty Naukowe Uczelni Vistula, 59(2), 42-59, retrieved from: https://i.vistula.edu.pl/media/docs/8VcTPjXDUsHBIlC3vB0XHK89q.pdf (accessed 20 May 2019).
• Jha, J.K., Pandey, J., Varkkey, B. (2019), Examining the role of perceived investment in employees' development on work-engagement of liquid knowledge workers. Moderating effects of psychological contract, Journal of Global Operations and Strategic Sourcing, 12(2), 225-245. DOI: 10.1108/JGOSS-08-2017-0026.
• Kaba, A., Ramaiah, C.K. (2020), Predicting knowledge creation through the use of knowledge acquisition tools and reading knowledge sources, VINE Journal of Information and Knowledge Management Systems, 50(3), 531-551. DOI: 10.1108/VJIKMS-07-2019-0106.
• Kelley, R.E. (1985), The gold-collar worker: Harnessing the brainpower of the new workforce, Reading: Addison-Wesley.
• Khalique, M., Shaari, J.A.N.B, Isa, A.H.B.M. (2013), The road to the development of intellectual capital theory, International Journal of Learning and Intellectual Capital, 10(2), 122-136. DOI: 10.1504/IJLIC.2013.052953.
• Kianto, A., Shujahat, M., Hussain, S., Nawaz, F., Ali, M. (2019), The impact of knowledge management on knowledge worker productivity, Baltic Journal of Management, 14(2), 178-197. DOI: 10.1108/BJM-12-2017-0404.
• Kim, Ch., Kang, M., Wang, T. (2016), Influence of knowledge transfer on SNS community cohesiveness, Online Information Review, 40(7), 959-978. DOI: 10.1108/OIR-08-2015-0258.
• Klarl, T. (2014), Knowledge diffusion and knowledge transfer revisited: Two slides of the medal, Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 24(4), 737-760. DOI: 10.1007/s00191-013-0319-3.
• Kmiotek, K., Kopertyńska, M.W. (2018), Oczekiwania w zakresie motywowania pracowników wiedzy sektora IT w aktualnych uwarunkowaniach rynku pracy, Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wrocławiu, 511, 103-113. DOI: 10.15611/pn.2018.511.09. (Original work published in Polish).
• Krakowiak-Bal, A., Ziemiańczyk, U. (2016), Rozmyta jakościowa analiza porównawcza (fsQCA) w ocenie transferu wiedzy, Infrastruktura i Ekologia Terenów Wiejskich Infrastructure and Ecology of Rural Areas, III(2), 1025-1037. DOI: 10.14597/infraeco.2016.3.2.075.
• Kucharska, W., Erickson, G.S. (2019), The influence of IT-competency dimensions on job satisfaction, knowledge sharing and performance across industries, VINE Journal of Information and Knowledge Management Systems, 50(3), 387-407. DOI: 10.1108/VJIKMS-06-2019-0098.
• Kuciapski, M. (2017), A model of mobile technologies acceptance for knowledge transfer by employees, Journal of Knowledge Management, 21(5), 1053-1076. DOI: 10.1108/JKM-03-2016-0136.
• Lane, P.J., Salk, J.E., Lyles, M.A. (2001), Absorptive capacity, learning, and performance in international joint ventures, Strategic Management Journal, 22(12), 1139-1162. DOI: 10.1002/smj.206.
• Latif, K.F., Afzal, O., Saqib, A., Sahibzada, U.F., Alam, W. (2020), Direct and configurational paths of knowledge-oriented leadership, entrepreneurial orientation, and knowledge management processes to project success, Journal of Intellectual Capital, retrieved from: https/www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/JIC-09-2019-0228 (accessed 20 March 2020). DOI: 10.1108/JIC-09-2019-0228.
• Lee, S.H.A., Lim, T-M. (2015), A study on the perception of POKM as the organizational knowledge sharing enabler, VINE, 45(2), 292-318. DOI: 10.1108/VINE-09-2013-0052.
• Leszczyńska, D., Pruchnicki, E. (2017), Optimal location of a multinational corporation resulting from knowledge transfer. The general mathematical formulation, Journal of Management Development, 36(9), 1191-1202. DOI: 10.1108/JMD-12-2016-0326.
• Lev, B. (2003), Intangible assets concepts and measurements, New York: New York University Press.
• Liyanage, Ch., Elhag, T., Ballal, T., Li Q. (2009), Knowledge communication and translation - a knowledge transfer model, Journal of Knowledge Management, 13(3), 118-131. DOI: 10.1108/13673270910962914.
• Luo, B.N., Lui, S.S., Kim, Y. (2017), Revisiting the relationship between knowledge search breadth and firm innovation. A knowledge transfer perspective, Management Decision, 55 (1), 2-14. DOI: 10.1108/MD-07-2015-0327.
• Margues, F.M.F.R., La Falce, J.L., Margues, J.M.R., De Muylder, C.F. (2019), The relationship between stress and maturity in knowledge management, International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 27 (5), 1504-1521. DOI: 10.1108/IJOA-06-2018-1461.
• Mehralian, G., Nazari, J.A., Ghasemzadeh, P. (2018), The effect of knowledge creation process on organizational performance using the BCS approach: the mediating role of intellectual capital, Journal of Knowledge Management, 22(4), 802-823. DOI:10.1108/JKM-10-2016-0457.
• Mikuła, B. (2017), Koncepcja zarządzania wiedzą, in: A. Krakowiak-Bal, P. Łukasik P, B. Mikuła, A.Pietruszka-Ortyl, U. Ziemiańczyk (Eds.), Zarządzanie wiedzą w rozwoju obszarów wiejskich (pp. 33-63). Warszawa: C.H.Beck. (Original work published in Polish).
• Miles, I.D., Belousova, V., Chichkanov, N. (2019), Knowledge intensive business services: Innovation and occupations, FORESIGHT, 21(3), 377-408. DOI: 10.1108/FS-11-2018-0091.
• Morris, K. (2010), Flat or spiky: The changing location of the British knowledge, Economy The Work Foundation. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.17375.46247.
• Nonaka, I. (1991), The knowledge creating company, Harvard Business Review, 69(6), 96-104.
• Nonaka, I., Takeuchi, H. (1995), The knowledge-creating company: How Japanese companies create the dynamics of innovation, New York: Oxford University Press.
• Olsen, K.M. (2016), The power of workers. Knowledge work and the power balance in Scandinavian countries, Employee Relations, 38(3), 390-405. DOI: 10.1108/ER-10-2014-0121.
• Osińska, M., Pietrzak, M.B., Żurek, M. (2011), Wykorzystanie modeli równań strukturalnych do opisu psychologicznych mechanizmów podejmowania decyzji na rynku kapitałowym, Acta Universitatis Nicolai Copernici Ekonomia XLII - Nauki Humanistyczno-Społeczne, 402, 7-21. Retrieved from: http://keii.ue.wroc.pl/przeglad/Rok 2011/Zeszyt 3-4/2011_58_3-4_175-194.pdf (accessed 1 April 2020). (Original work published in Polish).
• Paliszkiewicz, J., Svanadze, S., Jikia, M. (2017), The role of knowledge management processes on organizational culture, Online Journal of Applied Knowledge Management, 5(2), 29-44.
• Peteraf, M. (1993), The cornerstones of competitive advantage: A resourcebased view, Strategic Management Journal, 14(3), 179-191.
• Podluzhna, N. (2017), The role of economy of knowledge in the postindustrial environment, International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences, 1(5), 130-143. DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0010.2593.
• Polanyi, M. (1966), The tacit dimension, Garden City New York: Doubleday.
• Prahalad, C.K., Ramaswamy, V. (2004), The future of competition. co-creating unique value with customers, Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
• Radovanović, N., Dmitrović, V., Žarkić Joksimović, N. (2017), From knowledge to innovation and back: empirical testing of knowledge-intensive industries in Serbia, Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review, 5(3), 119-131. DOI: 10.15678/EBER.2017.050306.
• Ramadan, M.B., Dahiyat, S.E., Bontis, N., Al-dalahmen, M.A. (2017), Intellectual capital, knowledge management and social capital within the ICT sector in Jordan, Journal of Intellectual Capital, 18(2), 437-462. DOI: 10.1108/JIC-06-2016-0067.
• Raport PAIIZ Sektor technologii informatycznych w Polsce 2018, retrieved from: https//4.1.6 Sektor technologii informatycznychw Polsce. Profil se.pdf (accessed 23 June 2019).
• Rasińska, A. (2016), Polska jako centrum outsourcingu IT, a brak wystarczającej liczby programistów w kraju, retrieved from: https://www.tt.com.pl/images/files/informacje-prasowe/2016_02_18.pdf (accessed 29 April 2020). (Original work published in Polish).
• Razzaq, S., Shujahat, M., Hussain, S., Nawaz, F., Wang, M., Ali, M., Tehssen, S. (2019), Knowledge management, organizational commitment and knowledgeworker performance. The neglected role of knowledge management in the public sector, Business Process Management Journal, 25(5), 923-947. DOI: 10.1108/BPMJ-03-2018-0079.
• Reed, M.I. (1996), Expert power and control in late modernity: An empirical review and theoretical synthesis, Organization Studies, 17(4), 537-597. DOI: 10.1177/017084069601700402.
• Ren, X., Yan, Z., Wang, Z., He, J. (2019), Inter-project knowledge transfer in projectbased organizations: an organizational context perspective, Management Decision, 58(5), 844-863. DOI: 10.1108/MD-11-2018-1211.
• Secundo, C., Toma, A., Schiuma, G., Passiante, G. (2019), Knowledge transfer in open innovation. A classification framework for healthcare ecosystems, Business Process Management Journal, 25(1), 144-163. DOI: 10.1108/BPMJ-06-2017-0173.
• Sinell, A., Iffländer, V., Muschner, A. (2017), Uncovering transfer - a cross national comparative analysis, European Journal of Innovation Management, 21(1), 70-95. DOI: 10.1108/EJIM-01-2017-0006.
• Skyrme, D.J. (1999), Knowledge networking: Building the collaborative enterprise, Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
• Stewart, T.A. (2001), The wealth of knowledge. intellectual capital and the twentyfirst century organization, London: Nicholas Brealey Publishing.
• Sumbal, M.S., Tsui, E., Durst, S., Shujahat, M., Ali, S.M. (2020), A framework to retain the knowledge of departing knowledge workers in the manufacturing industry, VINE Journal of Information and Knowledge Management Systems, retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.1108/VJIKMS-06-2019-0086 (assessed 25 March 2020). DOI: 10.1108/VJIKMS-06-2019-0086.
• Surawski, B. (2019), Who is a "knowledge worker" - clarifying the meaning of the term through comparison with synonymous and associated terms, Management, 23(1), 105-133. DOI: 10.2478/manment-2019-0007.
• Szelągowski, M. (2020), The knowledge and process dimensions, VINE journal of Information and Knowledge Management Systems, retrieved from: https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/VJIKMS-09-2019-0150/full/html (assessed 11 March 2020). DOI: 10.1108/VJIKMS-09-2019-0150.
• Tammelin, M., Koivunen, T., Saari, T. (2017), Female knowledge workers and the illusion of working-time autonomy, International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 37(9/10), 591-604. DOI:10.1108/IJSSP-08-2016-0100.
• Taylor, E.Z, Murthy, U.S. (2009), Knowledge sharing among accounting academics in an electronic network of practice, Accounting Horizons, 23(2), 151-179. DOI: 10.2308/acch.2009.23.2.151.
• Teece, D.J. (1998), Capturing value from knowledge assets: The new economy, markets for know-how, and intangible assets, California Management Review, 40(3), 55-79. DOI: 10.2307/41165943.
• Thurow, L.C. (1999), Building wealth: The new rules for individuals, companies, and nations in a knowledge-based economy, New York: HarperCollins Publishers Inc.
• Tkach, A. (2019), Lifelong learning as integrational resource of knowledge economy, Nierówności Społeczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy, 58(2), 231-239. DOI: 10.15584/nsawg.2019.2.18.
• Toth, I., Heinänen, S., Nisula, A-M. (2020), Personal resources and knowledge workers' job engagement, International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 28(3), 595-610. DOI: 10.1108/IJOA-07-2019-1830.
• Tsai, S-P. (2018), Innovative behaviour of knowledge workers and social exchange attributes of financial incentive: implications for knowledge management, Journal of Knowledge Management, 22 (8), 1712-1735. DOI: 10.1108/JKM-07-2017-0293.
• Wang, R. (2019), Evolutionary game of knowledge sharing in master-apprentice pattern of innovative organization, International Journal of Innovative Science, 11 (3), 436-453. DOI: 10.1108/IJIS-11-2018-0125.
• Webster, E., Jensen, P.H. (2006), Investment in intangible capital: An enterprise perspective, Economic Record, 82(256,: 82-96. DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-4932.2006.00296.x.
• Wolff, E.N. (2006), The growth of information workers in the US economy 1950-2000: The role of technological change, computerization, and structural change, Economic Systems Research, 18(3), 221-255. DOI: 10.1080/09535310600844193.
• Woodside, A. G. (2010), Building theory from case study research, Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
• Wu, I.-L, Hu, Y.-P. (2018), Open innovation based knowledge management implementation: A mediating role of knowledge management design, Journal of Knowledge Management, 22(8), 1736-1756. DOI: 10.1108/JKM-06-2016-0238.
• Yasir, M., Majid, A. (2017), Impact of knowledge management enablers on knowledge sharing. Is trust a missing link in SMEs of emerging economies?, World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development, 13(1), 16-33. DOI: 10.1108/WJEMSD-02-2016-0010.
• Yigitcanlar, T., Baum, S., Horton, S. (2007), Attracting and retaining knowledge workers in knowledge cities, Journal of Knowledge Management, 11(5), 6-17. DOI: 10.1108/13673270710819762.
• Zhang, Y., Li, X., Aziz-alaoui, M.A., Bertelle, C., Guan, J., Zhou, S. (2016), Knowledge diffusion in complex networks, Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience, Special Issue Paper, 1-13. DOI: 10.1002/cpe.3791.
• Zhang, Z. (2018), Organizational culture and knowledge sharing: Design of incentives and business processes, Business Process Management Journal, 24(2), 384-399. DOI:10.1108/BPMJ-08-2015-0119.
• Zhao, Y., Zhang, X., Wang, J., Zhang, K., Ordóñez de Pablos, P. (2020), How do features of social media influence knowledge sharing? An ambient awareness perspective, Journal of Knowledge Management, 24(2), 439-462. DOI: 10.1108/JKM-10-2019-0543.

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.23762/FSO_VOL 8_NO3_5