How Does Childcare by Grandparents Affect the Health of Children in China?

• Autorzy: Hong Liu , Yao Li , Clement Tisdell , Fei Wang
• Języki publikacji: EN

Abstrakty

EN

Following China's economic reforms, working parents in China have become increasingly dependent on grandparents to help care for their children. This paper examines the effect of this care on the health of children. To do this, it relies on both objective and subjective indicators of the health of children. WHO criteria for the growth of children are used as markers of the objective health of children. Subjective valuations are based on the assessments of parents of children cared for by grandparents and on those of older children. The analyzed data are drawn from the China Family Panel Studies 2016 survey using OLS, 2SLS, GMM and Oprobit models. It is found that grandparent care of Chinese children has a positive effect on their physical health but parents of these children and older children given this care believe that it has a negative health effect. It is also found that boys are healthier than girls, the health of children rises with level of education attained by the mother, and improves with the level of income of their families. Policy measures are proposed to improve grandparent care of grandchildren and to reduce misperceptions about the value of this care for the health of children (under the age of 15). (original abstract)

Słowa kluczowe

EN

Health; Children; Gender; Health care policy

PL

Zdrowie; Dzieci; Płeć; Polityka zdrowotna

• Czasopismo: Economics & Sociology
• Rocznik: 2021
• Tom: 14
• Numer: nr 4
• Strony: 11--30

Twórcy

autor

Hong Liu

• Minzu University of China, Beijing, China

autor

Yao Li

• Pricewaterhouse Coopers Management Beijing, China

autor

Clement Tisdell

• The University of Queensland, Australia

autor

Fei Wang

• Minzu University of China, Beijing, China

Bibliografia

• Acosta, P., Fajnzylber, P., & Lopez, J.H. (2007). The impact of remittances on poverty and human capital: evidence from Latin American household surveys. Policy Research (Working paper no. WPS 4247). Washington D.C.: World Bank Group.
• Anltranan, B. (2001). Grandparents children and youth nonfiction. Families and Family Life, 559-563. (In Chinese).
• Arpino, B., Pronzato, C.D. & Tavares, L.P. (2014). The effect of grandparental support on mothers' labour market participation: an instrumental variable approach. European Journal of Population, 30(4), 369-390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10680-014-9319-8
• Baker, L., & Silverstein, M. (2012). The wellbeing of grandparent caring for grandchildren in rural China and the United States. In S. Arber and V. Timonen (eds.), Contemporary Grandparents: Changing Family Relationships in Global Contexts. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Behrman, J.R. (1990). The action of human resources and poverty on one another: what we have yet to learn. Living Standards Measurement Study (LSMS) (Working Paper No. LSM 74). Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group.
• Buchanan, A., & Rotkirch, A. (2018). Twenty-first century grandparents: Global perspectives on changing roles and consequences. Contemporary Social Science, 13(2), 131-144. https://doi.org/10.1080/21582041.2018.1467034
• Case, A., Lubotsky, D., & Paxson, C. (2002). Economic status and health in childhood: the origins of the gradient. American Economic Review, 92(5), 1308-1334. https://doi.org/10.1257/000282802762024520
• Chang, H., Dong, X-y., & MacPhail, F. (2011). Labor migration and time use patterns of the left-behind children and elderly in rural China. World Development, 39(12), 2199-2210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2011.05.021
• Chen, F., Liu, G., & Mair, C.A. (2011). Intergenerational ties in context: grandparents caring for grandchildren in China. Social Forces, 90(2), 571-594. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/sor012
• Chen, Z. (2009). Nutrition and health status analysis of left-behind children in rural China. China Population Science, (5), 95-102, in Chinese. https://doi.org/CNKI:SUN:ZKRK.0.2009-5-011
• Christiaensen, L., & Alderman, H. (2004). Child malnutrition in Ethiopia: Can maternal knowledge augment the role of income? Economic Development and Cultural Change, 52(2), 287-312. https://doi.org/10.1086/380822
• Craig, B.M., Brown, D.S., & Reeve, B.B. (2015). The value adults place on child health and functional status. Value in Health, 18(4), 449-456. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2015.02.012
• Craig, L., & Jenkins, B. (2016). Grandparental childcare in Australia: gender differences in the correlates of providing regular grandparental care while parents work. Community, Work & Family, 19(3), 281-301. https://doi.org/10.1080/13668803.2015.1027176
• Crawford-Brown, C.P.J., & Rattray, J.M. (2001). Parent-child relationships in Carribean families. In N. Boyd-Webb (ed.), Culturally Diverse Parent-Child and Family Relationships. A Guide for Social Workers and Other Practitioners, New York, NY: Columbia University Press, 196-130.
• Dang, J. (ed.). (2018). Blue Book of Ageing: Survey on the Living Conditions of the Elderly in Urban and Rural China.
• Dhanaraj, S., & Mahambare, V. (2019). Family structure, education and women's employment in rural India. World Development, 115, 17-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.11.004
• Dunifon, R.E., Ziol-Guest, K.M., & Kopko, K. (2014). Grandparent coresidence and family well-being: implications for research and policy. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 654(1), 110-126. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716214526530
• Edwards, O.W., & Mumford, V.E. (2005). Children raised by grandparents: implications for social policy. International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy, 25(8), 18-30. https://doi.org/10.1108/01443330510629072
• Fergusson, E., Maughan, B., & Golding, J. (2008). Which children receive grandparental care and what effect does it have? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49(2), 161-169. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01840.x
• Foley, J.T., Lloyd, M., Vogl, D., & Temple, V.A. (2014). Obesity trends of 8-18 year old special olympians: 2005-2010. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 35(3), 705-710. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2013.12.005
• Goh, E.C.L. (2009). Grandparents as childcare providers: An in-depth analysis of the case of Xiamen, China. Journal of Aging Studies, 23(1), 60-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaging.2007.08.001
• Gu, H., & Liu, Y. (2012). Study on health inequality of children in rural China and its influencing factors - empirical study based on CHNS data. Southern Population, 27(1), 23-33, in Chinese. https://doi.org/10.3969/jissn.1004-1613.2012.01.004
• Guogui, H., Peng, D., & Gong, C. (2021). The influence of intergenerational care on the health of the elderly in China. Population Journal, 41(3), 60-71. https://doi.org/10.16405/j.cnki.1004-129X.2021.03.006
• Hamilton, M., & Suthersan, B. (2020). Gendered moral rationalities in later life: grandparents balancing paid work and care of grandchildren in Australia. Ageing and Society, 41(7), 1651-1672. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X19001855
• Hirvonen, K., Hoddinott, J., Minten, B., & Stifel, D. (2017). Children's diets, nutrition knowledge, and access to markets. World Development, 95, 303-315. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.02.031
• Holley-Moore, G. (2017). The grandparent army. London: International Longevity Centre UK.
• Hong, Y., & Liu, G. (2019). Early health and stratification reproduction. Sociological Research, 34(01), 156-182. (in Chinese). https://doi.org/CNKI:SUN:SHXJ.0.2019-01-007
• Igel, C., & Szydlik, M. (2011). Grandchild care and welfare state arrangements in Europe. Journal of European Social Policy, 21(3), 210-224. https://doi.org/10.1177/0958928711401766
• Ko, P.C., & Hank, K. (2014). Grandparents caring for grandchildren in China and Korea: findings from CHARLS and KLoSA. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B. Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 69(4), 646-651. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbt129
• Le, K., & Nguyen, M. (2020). Shedding light on maternal education and child health in developing countries. World Development, 133, 105005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105005
• Li, B., Adab, P., & Cheng, K.K. (2015). The role of grandparents in childhood obesity in China - evidence from a mixed methods study. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 12(1), 91. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-015-0251-z
• Liu, B., Qing, P., Xiao, S., & Liao, F. (2019). Effects of grandparents' spoiling on the health of left-behind children in rural areas from the perspective of food consumption - A case study of Hebei Province. China Rural Economy, 001, 32-46. in Chinese.
• Liu, H., Gao, Y., Tisdell, C.A., & Wang, F. (2020). Are housing property rights important for fertility outcomes in China? Empirical evidence and policy issues. Economic Analysis and Policy, 65, 211-223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2020.01.005
• Liu, J. (2008). Off-farm employment, mother care and child health - evidence from rural China. Economic Research Journal, 9, 136-149. in Chinese. https://doi.org/CNKI:SUN:JJYJ.0.2008-09-013
• Lohmar, B., Rozelle, S., & Zhao, C. (2001). The rise of rural-to-rural labor markets in China. Asian Geographer, 20(1-2), 101-123. https://doi.org/10.1080/10225706.2001.9684077
• Meng, X. (2000). Labour Market Reform in China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China (NHFPC) (2015), China family development report 2015. Beijing: China Population Press. (in Chinese).
• National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China (NHFPC) (2017), Answers to the reporters' request about the progress of the universal two-child policy on January 22. Beijing: NHFPC. (in Chinese).
• Nobles, J. (2006). The contribution of migration to children's family contexts. California, USA: California Center for Population Research.
• OECD (2014), Enrolment in childcare and pre-school. (OECD Family Database PF3.2). Paris: OECD.
• OECD (2019), Family Database. Retrieved 7 September, 2020, from http://www.oecd.org/els/family/database.htm
• Palloni, A., Milesi, C., White, R.G., & Turner, A. (2009). Early childhood health, reproduction of economic inequalities and the persistence of health and mortality differentials. Social Science & Medicine, 68(9), 1574-1582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.02.009
• Pottinger, A.M. (2005). Children's experience of loss by parental migration in inner-city Jamaica. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 75(4), 485-496. https://doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.75.4.485
• Roodman, D. (2011). Fitting fully observed recursive mixed-process models with CMP. Stata Journal, 11(2), 159-206.
• Shen, W. (2001). On the role of the relationship between grandparent and grandchild in children's family education. Journal of Huzhou Normal University, 23(5), 82-87. (in Chinese). https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1009-1734.2001.05.020
• Song, Y.P. (2007). Children's health in China's rural areas: an analysis of factors influencing family and community. China's Rural Economy, 10, 69-76. (in Chinese). https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-32829-7_7
• Swartz, T.T. (2009). Intergenerational family relations in adulthood: Patterns, variations, and implications in the contemporary United States. Annual Review of Sociology, 35(1), 191-212. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.34.040507.134615
• Tisdell, C.A. (2009a). Economic reform and openness in China: China's development policies in the last 30 years. Economic Analysis and Policy, 39(2), 271-294. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0313-5926(09)500215
• Tisdell, C.A. (2009b). Economic growth and transition in Viet Nam and China and its consequences for their agricultural sectors: Policy and agricultural adjustment issues. Regional Development Studies, 13, 122-136.
• Tisdell, C.A. (2019). Gender Inequality. Socioeconomic Analysis and Developing Country Case Studies. Hackensack (NJ), London and Singapore: World Scientific.
• Whitley, D.M., Kelley, S.J., & Sipe, T.A. (2001). Grandmothers raising grandchildren: are they at increased risk of health problems?. Health & Social Work, 26(2), 105-114. https://doi.org/10.1093/hsw/26.2.105
• Wisniewski, S.L.W. (2010). Child nutrition, health problems, and school achievement in Sri Lanka. World Development, 38(3), 315-332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.09.009
• World Health Organization (1995), WHO Child Growth Standards. Retrieved 16 November, 2020, from https://www.who.int/childgrowth/en/
• Wu, F., & Wang, L. (2017). Family care arrangements and policy demands for preschool children in China - an analysis based on multi-source data. Population Research, 41(006), 71-83. (in Chinese). Https://doi.org/CNKI:SUN:RKYZ.0.2017-06-006
• Zhao, G., Wei, H., &. Cheng, Y.-L. (2018). Correlation study of parentage and obesity in preschool mobile children. Chinese School Health, 39(1), 57-59. (in Chinese). https://doi.org/CNKI:SUN:XIWS.0.2018-01-019
• Zhengcheng, P., Hong, Z., & Qinghong, H. (2019). Social childcare resources, intergenerational care and middle-aged and elderly labor participation. Science of Finance and Economics, 12, 53-66. (In Chinese).
• Zhong, X., & Guo, W. (2017). Topic change of population policy: from the perspective of parenting to reproduction- the intergenerational raising and childcare of middle class families under the 'comprehensive two-child policy'. Exploration and Contention, 7, 81-87. (in Chinese). https://doi.org/10.3969/j.issn.1004-2229.2017.07.018

Identyfikatory

DOI

10.14254/2071-789X.2021/14-4/1